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VIII. THE DEVELOPMENT AND OUTLOOK OF EUROPEAN UNION ENERGY REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS ............................... 73 1. The Energy Union .................................... 73 a) Energy security. ................................... 75 b) A fully integrated internal energy market..................... 76 c) Consumer protection and new price regulation. ................. 79 d) Energy efficiency ................................... 80 e) Low carbon transport sector ............................ 80 f) Ambitious EU climate policy ............................ 81 g) Market leadership in renewable energy ...................... 82 h) Energy Union for research, innovation and competitiveness .......... 83 2. New orientations for energy consumers. ....................... 83 3. Barriers and obstacles for consumers ......................... 83 IX. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION’S “WINTER PACKAGE” ON CLEAN ENERGY... . 85 1. Legal Basis for European Legislation. ......................... 85 2. New directions for regulation ............................. 86 a) Putting energy efficiency first. ........................... 87 b) Achieving global leadership in renewable energy. ................ 89 c) Ensuring fairness for consumers .......................... 92 3. Regulatory framework to encourage the transition to clean energy ........ 94 a) Socially fair transition . ............................... 94 b) EU funding for real economic performance. ................... 95 c) Appropriate incentives for investment in the clean energy transition .. ... 95 d) Building the necessary physical infrastructure. ................. 96 e) Digitalisation in the energy sector ......................... 97 X. PROGRESSING TOWARDS MARKET HARMONISATION. ............... 99 1. Grounds for and objectives of the proposals ..................... 99 2. Adjusting market rules ................................ 101 a) Consumers at the heart of the Energy Union .................. 102 b) Security of electricity supply . .......................... 105 c) Regional cooperation. ............................... 105 d) Adapting regulatory supervision to regional markets ............. 106 3. Legal basis, subsidiarity and proportionality . ................... 107 a) Legal basis. ..................................... 107 b) Subsidiarity . .................................... 107 c) Proportionality ................................... 108 d) Choosing the type ofact. ............................. 110
