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5. Ihe obligation to implement smart metering systems . . . . . . . ......... 48 6. Definition ofsmartgrids ................................ 48 7. An overview of the legal regulation of smart and controlled devices. . ...... 50 8. Basic legal framework for smart meters. ....................... 51 a) The growing share of renewable energy sources ................. 51 b) Smart Meters in the Member States of the European Union .......... 51 c) Progress of Smart Meter Deployment in Europe ................. 52 d) Smart Metering in the Gas Sector ......................... 54 e) Costs and Benefits of Smart Metering ....................... 55 9. Key Benefits of Smart Meters. ............................. 56 10. Consumer Protection and Data Privacy ....................... 57 V. DATA PROTECTION MEASURES FOR SMART GRIDS.................. 59 1. Data management rules. ................................ 59 2. GDPR rules for smart systems ............................. 59 3. Data security ....................................... 61 4. Consumers at the heart of the Energy Union. .................... 61 5. Transparency ofinformation. ............................. 62 6. The future of intelligent systems. ........................... 63 VI. E-MOBILITY AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS. ..................... 65 1. The regulatory framework for e-mobility . ...................... 65 2. European Union objectives in the field of e-mobility. . ............... 66 38. Intelligent systems for e-mobility . .......................... 66 4. Smart grids for e-mobility ............................... 66 5. Smart metering and billing systems and e-mobility . ................ 67 VII. REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. ..................... 69 1. The EU internal energy market. ............................ 69 2. The Evolution of Electrical Energy Legislation towards the Present Regulatory Framework. ....................................... 70 a) Principles of regulation ............................... 70 b) Separation rules ................................... 71 c) Access to networks and market opening. ..................... 72
