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2.2. TRANSILVANISMUL. DEFINITII CONCEPTUALE 67
integrare íntr-un dialog european mai larg ". Transilvanismul derivá din deter¬
minarea spatialá a modului de gándire, din reciproca influentare a constiintei
si mediului (specific tuturor regionalismelor, inclusiv celei románesti si celei
säsesti) #. Pentru o mai bunä întelegere a contextului in care transilvanismul
a apärut si evoluat, trebuie spus cä proiectele literare nationale de dinaintea
Primului Razboi Mondial tsi asumau o functie dublä - se pronuntau impotriva
puterii, dar se pronuntau, la fel, si impotriva celor care nu erau la putere. Ast¬
fel proiectele maghiare incercau o rezistentä fatä de modelul german, dar nu
recunosteau sau se pronuntau impotriva proiectelor croatilor, romänilor etc.”°.
Potrivit Istoriei lui Neubauer si Cornis Pope, activitätile literare si cultu¬
rale maghiare din Transilvania nu au fost niciodatä clar definite si cristalizate
intr-o singurä ideologie culturalä in anii dintre cele douä räzboaie mondiale.
S-au schitat patru vederi, orientäri politice, culturale sau mixte: iredentismul,
transilvanismul, danubianismul, comunismul". Cele patru orientari au fost, pe
de o parte, divizate, pe de alta parte, se suprapuneau. Numerosi intelectuali si
scriitori maghiari au aderat la ideologia transilvana, ideile lor nu au fost singula¬
re in epoca, ci aveau paralele in viata spiritualä romäneascä si in cea säseascä 1”.
Curentul numit transilvanist este considerat, in mod traditional, un curent
interbelic maghiar. K. Lengyel Zsolt deosebeste doua etape — cea a transilvanis¬
mului timpuriu si etapa helikonistä'®. Trecerea din prima in cea de-a doua eta¬
pa se face cu revista Erdélyi Helikon, care-si propunea, de la bun inceput, rede¬
finirea esteticä a principiilor transilvaniste. Spre deosebire de Pomogäts, care
identificä transilvanismul cu helikonismul, K. Lengyel extinde sfera semanticä
a termenului dincolo de gruparea literarä. Alti autori (Fäbian Ernö, Gäll Ernö,
Cs. Gyimesi Eva, Läng Gusztäv, Nagy György etc.) considerä cä transilvanismul,
ca un construct teoretic al intelectualitätii maghiare interbelice, se baza pe trei
13 Idem, p. 240. Throughout the 20" century, this dialogue has helped question monolithic
ideas of Europeanism, bringing forth a cultural heterotopia. This position has parallels in
some Hungarian writings like Romanians, Hungarians often felt out-of-place in an east¬
Central Europe dominated by Germanic, Slavic and Turkish cultures.
14 K. Lengyel Zsolt, op. cit, p. 219. ... mindkettő a gondolkodásmód térbeli meghatdrozott¬
ságából: eszme és környezet egymásrahatásaiból alakult ki, amely egy regionális öntuda¬
tra általánosan jellemző. Ezzel a tulajdonsággal egyidejüleg az erdélyi román és német
regionalizmus is rendelkezett.
15 John Neubauer-Marcel Cornis Pope, op. cit., 2004, p. 11. ... the national literary projects
were themselves Janus-faced and assumed a double-function: they sought self-determina¬
tion and liberation from external hegemonic powers but they suppressed internal ethnic
minorities that attempted to construct their own vernacular literatures as expressions of
their own imagined communities.
16 Idem, p. 269.
17 Ibidem, p. 269. This idea found certain parallels and support in the work of Lucian Blaga,
who sought to describe the cultural-topographic specificity of Transylvania or in the work
of the Saxon writer Heinrich Zillich, who wavered, between nationalistic tones and ac¬
cents which are fraternally supranational, looking for what binds Transylvanian ethnic
groups together.
18 K. Lengyel Zsolt, op. cit., p. 24.