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INTRODUCTION answers to the following questions: Do the above-mentioned bilingual Russian-French authors have common stylistic traits in their novels written in French? Can we distinguish between them and non-bilingual French writers’ texts? Is the phenomenon of interference, i.e. traces of Russian language and culture, observable in French texts of Russian-French authors? In order to answer these questions, this chapter explores, on the one side, factors that determined Makine’s, Afanassiev’s, Fedorovski’s, Gran’s, and Jurgenson’s language choices; and on the other side, cases of Russian linguistic interference in their French novels. The following chapter written by Malou Brouwer, entitled Poems—as—language-lessons. Translingualism in Naomi Mcllwraith's kiyam, investigates linguistic and literary diversity of Indigenous peoples of Turtle Island, North America. Due to the immense linguistic diversity in terms of the Indigenous and colonial languages being spoken among them, a wide range of codeswitching strategies are reflected in their Indigenous literatures. Naomi Mcllwraith, for example, writes in English and Cree in her multilingual collection of poetry kiydm. In this paper, Brouwer argues that kiyam can be read as “poetry—as—language—lesson”™ as she reflects on learning Cree, on the one hand, but the collection is presented as language lessons for the reader, on the other. Her poetry thus reflects the linguistic context, challenges the settler colonial effects of the imposition of colonial languages, and celebrates the revitalization of Indigenous languages in the face of and despite colonial attempts at erasure and assimilation. In creating translingual poems and using paratextual materials, McIlwraith demonstrates the effects of settler colonialism but also succeeds in countering them. The next paper addresses a linguistic shift carried out very recently by a renowned French writer. Levente Selaf’s article “Um Mich neu zu Machen”. Switching the Language of Poetry by Jacques Jouet discusses the recent language change by Jacques Jouet, French member of the Oulipo (an acronym for Ouvroir de Littérature Potentielle, a group of writers and mathematicians who seek to create works using constrained writing techniques). Jouet switched to German, and since April 2022 he has been writing poetry exclusively in German, instead of his native French. It is shown how the genres of his French poetry reappear in German, and what the major steps of the evolution of his compositional technique are as he acquires a higher level of this new language of poetry after a spectacular code-switching at the age of 74. The final paper of the literary code-switching section, Lisa Schantl’s First Language Roots. Intra-sentential Literary Code-switching in ESL Poetry and Prose, examines how multilingualism and migration come together in °4 Heid Erdrich: Curator of Ephemera at the New Museum for Archaic Media, Michigan, Michigan State University Press, 2017. +13 +
