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EXTRAMURAL ENGLISH ACTIVITIES AND INDIVIDUAL LEARNER DIFFERENCES
Table 28. Results of regression analysis regarding the Ideal L2 Self
EE activities B SEB ß t
EE watching series .22 .04 .30* 5.94
EE reading online 15 .05 .18* 2.97
EE paper-based reading .15 .05 .18* 3.31
EE watching online videos on YouTube .10 .04 .13* 2.50
R? .35
F for change in R? 43.975
Note. B stands for regression coefficient. *p<.05
SE B — standard error associated with the coefficient
B — standardized coefficient
R? — stands for the proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the
independent variables
As the data in Table 28 show, watching English-language films and series, as
well as reading English-language content (both online and paper-based), affects
participants’ Ideal L2 Self. In addition, YouTube videos also have an impact on this
motivational component. These results are also in line with the results of Józsa and
Imre (2013), Lajtai (2020), confirming that certain EE activities do indeed influ¬
ence the L2 learning motivation of Hungarian secondary school students.
In the case of the Ought-To L2 Self, the results of the regression analysis
revealed that only YouTube videos affect this component of the Motivational
Self System at the p<.05 level of significance (see Table 29). However, this
particular EE activity explains only 1% of the Ought-To L2 Self; therefore, it
may be concluded that EE activities do not explain participants’ Ought-To L2
Self at all. These results are in line with the findings of previous research
showing that the Ought-To L2 Self has a lower impact on the L2 learning pro¬
cess than the Ideal L2 Self (Busse—Williams 2010, Dornyei et al. 2006, Eid
2008, Kormos—Csizér 2008, Kormos et al. 2011, Lamb 2012). What is more,
Kormos and Csizer (2008) had the very same results, i.e., the Ideal L2 Self
played a significant role in the motivation of Hungarian EFL learners, while
the effect of the Ought-to L2 Self could not be identified in their research.
Table 29. Results of regression analysis regarding the Ought-To L2 Self
EE activities B SEB ß t
EE watching online videos on YouTube .10 .04 .12* 2.25
R? .01
F for change in R? 5.080
Note. B stands for regression coefficient. *p<.05
SE B — standard error associated with the coefficient
B — standardized coefficient
R? - stands for the proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the
independent variables
* 116 +