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ODBAYAR GANBAATAR
grace. According to Oka Hiroki,* they were struggling over Outer Mongolia under
the Qing policy for 20 years.
Manchu-Russian relations suddenly became strained in the late 1750s. The
transformation of the political order in the eastern part of Inner Asia caused by the
Qing conquest of the Dzungar Empire was the reason for this change." There had
been tensions over the unsolved problems such as illegal border stakes (Mong. gasiy¬
a), custom duty and unsettled cases of theft and looting since the 1730s. In practice,
these problems had been solved by Khalkha nobles and Russian majors without the
involvement of Qing authorities until 1764. Khalkha nobles could trade with Russia
without the direct control of the Qing court and its designed institution. When a new
political order came into effect in Inner Asia, the practice was revised as unresolved
by the Qing emperor. Although The Court of Outer Dependencies (Man. Tulergi go¬
lo-be dasara jurgan) was responsible for relations with Russia, it was impossible to
enforce Manchu law in the northern frontier where Russia had such intense ties with
Mongols. Therefore, the Qing government banned the trade at Kiyaktu and withdrew
all merchants in April 1764. However, Qing agent Sanjaidorji ordered to continue
trade with Russia without permission. Cenggiinjaba immediately revealed the ille¬
gal trade of Sanjaidorji and accused him. Hence, Sanjaidorji was sent to Beijing in
house arrest from 1765 to 1771 with his newborn son, Ytindendorji (1764-1827).
The Manchu minister Chuda was executed upon the decision of the furious Emperor.
Due to his 10-year service in Kiiriye (Rus. Urga) Sanjaidorji was in the position
to change main political actors in Outer Mongolia through the support of Qianlong
Emperor. The Second Jebcundamba qutuytu, Tüsiyetü gan and the Treasurer of the
Great Disciples were all discharged by his hand and upon the wish of the emperor.
In the end of their struggle, however, Cenggiinjaba won against his political rival,
Manchu power which had been accumulated in the hands of Sanjaidorji was de¬
centralised temporarily, and the policy to reduce the power of the Khalkha nobility
loosened again.
Cenggiinjaba’s Contribution to the Organisation
of the Great Disciples
Cenggiinjaba had diligently served the Qing Empire both in battle field and admi¬
nistrative office from 1721 to 1771. He tried to extend the territory of the Khalkhas
with the permission, once Qianlong emperor had promised to the Khalkha Mongols.’
> Hiroki, Oka: Cenggiinjaba and Sangjaidorji. A speech in Mongolian delivered in the Mongolian
Academy of Sciences on 17 March 2008.
° Akira, Yanagisawa: Some Remarks on the Addendum to the Treaty of Kiakhta in 1768. The Memoirs
of Toyo Bunko 63, 2006, 65-87; Akira, Yanagisawa: Concerning the Negotiations between Russia and
the Qing Dynasty on the “Addendum to the Treaty of Kiakhta” in 1768. The Toydshi-Kenkyii 62 (3).
Dec 2003, 1-33.
Otoymwxapran, O.: UnHryEkaBbIH 60C110T0 6a XalıxbIH HyITuür T913x acyynan. // 1755-1758 oni
Manoicuün ocp2e Moneonuyydoın 398c9em maMmynuün myyxuün acyydan. Imx. bascranan T. Co&m6o
IIpuntuur, Ynaan6aatap 2019, 28-39.
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