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MICHAL SCHWARZ
“At this time, Molon toyin, devoted by his whole life, looked at the beings in hell by
his miraculous sight. The Calmless hell (Skr. Avici, Tib. mnar med) looks as follows.
Because of the bad karmic fate [of entering beings], it has form of a big city with high
[walls] and enclosed with four gates. In the city gates there are /uus, tigers, snakes,
lions, bears, leopards, wolfs, jackals, and carnivorous birds.”
d) about 1852, Zucin goyar modun kümün-ü üliger “Stories of 32 Wooden People.”
ende orkiysan yajar-aca qamiy-a¬
Si odba kemen uyilaju yabun atala
gadayin küngdei-tür ketiken gingginejü
uyinlanam güijü kürün geküle tere keüken-i
naiman yeke luus-un gad irejü lingqv-a
Ceceg-iyer quciy-a kiged aman-dur inti
bal-iyar kökegülün emüne inü sögüdtün
namancilan mörgüjü bayin ajiyu:
“[Khan’s officer saw that the child] was not at the place, where it had been left
behind, and went weeping [searching] where it might have gone, when [suddenly
he heard] that a baby was bitterly weeping in a rock cave. He rushed in and wanted
to take the baby, but [he saw that] there eight great luus-kings gathered around the
baby, covering him by lotus flowers, feeding his mouth with honey, kneeling and
worshiping him.”
Besides independent semantical development in Mongolian, both words for dra¬
gon and /uus were used as translations and thus partly correspond to the concept of
Indian or Sankrit ndgas. This originally Sanskrit word is for example attested as a
loan in Tocharian calendar, where we can find that the Turco-Mongolian /uu-jil had
its Tocharian counterpart ndake pikulne “in the dragon year” (not “in the snake year”
as mentioned by Adams in older edition of his dictionary);*' cf. by Sogdian influenced
Uighur ndk used for “dragon” in the 11" century calendar.”
But from textual cases (as above under d) it can be seen that /uus (as mythological
beings) were incorporated into Mongolian Buddhist pantheon and serve as specific
type(s) of deities with important function in ritual texts like in the following example.
3° Srba, Ondiej: Paleograficka citanka mongolskeho pisma klasickeho obdobi, 146-149, English transla¬
tion was authorized by O. Srba for this article.
3! Adams, Douglas Q.: A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 332.
Yusup, Israpil— Kasim, Anvar: Weiwu’er shi’er shengxiao wenhua yuanliu kao (424 7K + = Xt
(VET). In: Tujue yuwenxue yanjiu-Geng Shimin jiaoshou bashi huadan jinian wenji (REC
SATE FE — HTH ER Be /\ TR ES C4E)/ Studies in Turkic Philology. Festschrift in honour of the
80" birthday of Professor Geng Shimin. Ed. Zhang Dingjing — Abdurishid Yakup. Zhongyang minzu
daxue chubanshe, Beijing 2009, 200.
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