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MICHAL SCHWARZ the time of Han dynasty with subseguent Tocharianization of originally undeclined Sino-Tibetan stem and development of a new semantics in Tocharian. Semantically possible Sino-Tibetan source-words comprise: “sheep” "/ó(-k), Old Chin. "/o "sheep", Tib. /ug "sheep", Lushei Kham /ü" "deer" lu, L. lowk, E. lowk! “dragon” Y. ljun, L. lywy, E. luawy”® “snake, snail” *lö(w), Old Chin. *lo “snail”, Tib. klu “hooked snail, serpentdemon”?! Recent archaeological findings show more examples of bronze mirrors with snakelike dragons from Niya and Loulan from the beginning of Common Era.” It means that people had to use word for snake or dragon and Tibetan term /u for serpentdemon is known from Dunhuang texts from 7~9" centuries”, thus it is sure that this cultural word is of high antiquity and even without respect to Tocharian, the Turco-Mongolian word for “dragon” and term /uus represent the oldest layer of demonic-like borrowings in oldest Mongolian Buddhist texts found in Turfan and South Inner Mongolia. Chronology and Layers of Words in Mongolian Tradition For simplicity and only for the purpose of this paper I divide “demonic” borrowings in Mongolian into two specific layers: A: The first is the oldest layer also connected with pre-Buddhist contexts and later development of Mongolian mythology. B: The second is newer layer connected with influence of Tibetan Buddhist canon and also with modern innovations or marginal homophony of originally unrelated words from Russian and Tibetan or Sanskrit. Ad A: for the beginnings and oldest layer there are attestations of /uus (also in the meaning of “dragon” in plural) in very old Mongolian Buddhist texts and this word continues in all subsequent stages. In later use this word has two different meanings. In ritual manuscripts from Olon Siime or in editions of such manuscripts by Ondrej Srba in one context /uus appear as negative group of demons and beings of hell and in another manuscripts and in other contexts on the contrary as a type Mongolian Peiros, Ilia — Starostin, Sergei: A Comparative Vocabulary of Five Sino-Tibetan Languages. Fascicle III. Laterals. The University of Melbourne, Parkville 1996, 31. ' Pulleyblank, Edwin G.: Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. UBC Press, Vancouver 1991, 201. 20 Pulleyblank, Edwin G.: Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese ..., 199. 2! Peiros, Ilia — Starostin, Sergei: A Comparative Vocabulary of Five Sino-Tibetan Languages, 37. Ding Xiaolun et al. (eds.): Niya yizhi. Xinjiang meishu sheying chubanshe, Wulumuqi 2003a, 40; Ding Xiaolun et al. (eds.): Loulan gucheng. Xinjiang meishu sheying chubanshe, Wulumuqi 2003b, 30. Berounsky, Daniel: Archaicka tibetska literatura (7-10. stoleti). Masarykova univerzita, Brno 2013, 40-42. 22 23 94
