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FOREIGN DEMONS IN MONGOLIAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN BUDDHISM THROUGHOUT THE TIME 1) Foreign origin of this word may indicate the fact that proper meaning is usually offered by context or secondary specification: cf. “animal” in pl. lwäsa ynamñana = literally “running animals” vs. “bird” in pl. /wasa slyamnana = literally "flying animals.”!* Such special semantics and lexical connections would be improbable for an inherited Indo-European word. 2) Usually there are semantic discrepancies in the use of borrowings from other language families, when adopted loan can develop a set of new meanings in recipient language. In case of Tocharian /u / /uwo this word can designate more types of animals and positive animal on one side and mythological “beast’’, it means negative wild being on the other side. E.g.: Tocharian B: (PK-NS-12a4 [Couvreur, 1967 [1969]:153])" wärttossem luwäsa = “forest animals” Tocharian A: (YQ 1.13 1/1 [verso], b5-6)'* tamyo fidktan nd(ktennan)/// (nare pretas lwasi)nan# opyac* klora cam kassim lantsenc’ klopas = “Therefore, the gods and goddesses/// the (beings) belonging to (hell, to the ghost, or to the beasts), having kept in mind that teacher, go away from woe.” Tocharian A (YQ 1.5 1/2 [recto], a3-5)!° sne yärm säwes kalpsam tampewatsam warssaltsam maitra(yo)///[m.]dfic wärtamne Smas imanak maitris niksanad ewram lwa o(nkalman)/// sunt klyomant metrakyap ydrk ypenc* = “(Because of his) powerful and energetic kindness (shown) in innumerable great eons,/// whichever forest may reach, there, (goaded) by the prong of (his) kindness, the wild beasts, (beginning with the) elephants,/// ... pay homage to the noble Metrak.” 3) Finally possible Sino-Tibetan origin of this word may be based not only on multiple formations of singular and plural forms.'® There is some distant analogy in singular to plural developments between Tocharian Ju / luwo / lwasa and Mongolian lu / luu / luus. And also if Tocharian word for A su, B suwo “pig” goes back to the Indo-European root form "sa", then the same development may be proposed for lu//uwo, when hypothetical base word */u is quite compatible with zoological lexicon in Sino-Tibetan below. So I suppose, that this Tocharian parallel meaning also a “beast” might be originally borrowing from Tibetan or Chinese and that due to the Chinese rule in Western Regions this word might have been borrowed around 2 Adams, Douglas Q.: A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 558. 15 Cited by Adams, Douglas Q.: À Dictionary of Tocharian B, 558. Fragments of the Tocharian A Maitreyasamiti-Nataka of the Xinjiang Museum, China. Transliterated, translated and annotated by Ji Xianlin in collaboration with Werner Winter and Georges-Jean Pinault. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin-New York 1998, 96-97. Fragments of the Tocharian A Maitreyasamiti-Nataka of the Xinjiang Museum, China, 102-103. Cf. improbable idea that “The B plural formation (...), may result from a cross of this etymon with a PTch *tswwa “animal” (Adams, Douglas Q.: Adams, Douglas Q.: A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 558). 7 Adams, Douglas Q.: A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 698. 93
