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this issue. This text does not take a position in support of any viewpoint, theory, ideology, etc. Perhaps each has its own truth from its own perspective. This text only attempts to explore some basic fundamentals from the perspective of intellectual history, without the need for any kind of finality and acknowledging the possibility (and reserving the right) of being wrong. Along these lines, this book will discuss these concepts in the following order. 1. The starting point is the concept of the “same.” In every respect, “sameness” is the origin of any analysis whose topic is the “other” and the “alien.” It is decidedly interesting that practically no one acknowledges this, though we could really read a little Hegel or else recall that we read that we are familiar with him instead of keeping it a secret. Of course, that is tiring, and it is much simpler and more comfortable to make fundamentalist pronouncements. However, just as there is no same without other, this is also true the other way around. Omnis determinatio est negatio—but we could say this the other way around, exchanging the terms “determination” and “negation.” That is to say that all determination is negation, but all negation is also determination. Of course, this is somewhat more complicated than that. 2. This is followed by the “other,” partly on the perspective of the “same,” who/which opposes it, even while the “same” is capable of determining itself from the perspective of the “other.” 3. I discuss the “alien” in close connection with the previous, though the “alien” is not necessarily identical to the concept of the “other,” as the “alien” is always the “other,” but the “other” is not always the “alien.” 4. Although, if sticking to the Hegelian foundations, the examination could end here, this text will continue. I will—nominally—contradict Hegel’s concept of the “Holy Trinity.” That
