Page 62 [62]
administratíve matters of the country as well as of hís own household. Based on the
sources, the officials can be more or less securely dated, according to which twenty-seven
of them served during the 18" dynasty, another twenty-seven of them were actíve during
the 19" dynasty, and thirty-nine individuals are dated to the 20" dynasty, while two offi¬
cials can be placed in the Ramesside era and the date of seven persons cannot be
specified more precisely within the New Kingdom.
In the present work, the date of the particular officials primarily represents the time
period which the sources indicate based on the appearance of the name of a ruler or
rulers in depictions or inscriptions connected to the official, on the one hand, and on
the other hand, if the name of a king was lacking, the most likely date is determined
based on indirect evidence or stylistic criteria. In some cases, well-founded indications
support the supposition that the official also served before or after a ruler dated with
certainty. Parennefer, for instance, served under the reign of Akhenaten as the cartouches
of the ruler represent in both of his tombs at Thebes and at Amarna, however, the state
of completion, as well as the characteristics of the decoration of his Theban Tomb 188,
imply that Parennefer had already been active in the last years of Amenhotep III.”
Another example is Ramessesemperre, who is certainly attested at first during the reign
of Merneptah based on the name of the ruler in his inscriptions but he must have started
his career under the reign of Ramesses II as his basiliphoric name as well as his epithet
pn R°-ms-sw mrj-Jmn ‘he of (=son of) Ramesses Meriamun’ clearly imply.’ Nevertheless,
speculating on the service of officials under an earlier or a later ruler except the ones
that the evidence reveals is not within the scope of this present work.
It must be noted that there is a representative of this office under the reign of Psame¬
tik II, Harbes, who is known from several of his monuments.” He is designated as wdpw
nswt ‘royal wdpw’ on a headless hawk statue from Giza (Cairo, TR 31/12/28/10),’”° on an
offering table also from Giza (Boston, MFA 26-1-138)'”, on a kneeling statue from an
unknown provenance (London, EA 514)”. The revival of older titles — even ones which
disappeared at the end of the Old Kingdom — and their reappearance in the civil admin¬
istration is a characteristic feature for the 26"" dynasty indicating administrative reforms
‘7 For a discussion on Parennefer, see p. 150.
‘# For a discussion on Ramessesemperre, see p. 201, for his inscriptions, see p. 493.
‘9 Jansen-Winkeln, 2014, 69-73.
"o Gunn, 1929, 95; Leahy, 1980, 49; Vercoutter, 1980, 94, pl. 3; Porter — Moss, 1974, 41; ; Zivie-Coche,
1991, 122.
™ Porter — Moss, 1981, 18; Zivie-Coche, 1991, 113-116, pl. 21.
72 Budge, 1909, 238; Leahy, 1980, 49; Porter — Moss, 1981, 19; Zivie-Coche, 1991, 123-126, pls. 25-26.