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GENDER HISTORY RETROSPECTIVE IN HUNGARY AFTER 1949 Women could only enter the field of politics based on the introduced guota. I need to point out here that the heritage of this forced emancipation is the fact any form of positive discrimination is almost uniformly met with significant revulsion in Hungary due to its state socialist appearance and ideology. Even despite the fact that positive discrimination implemented in the 21st century would particularly contribute to the de facto prevalence of constitutional rights. Ihis means it would provide assistance to egual chances in case of matching gualifications under certain conditions on the basis of eguity, in the science sector for example, in case a woman also deals with family matters. And what I always say, and said to everyone already, is that I have reached everything 6 to 8 years later in my profession because I am a woman. And not because it posed an issue — it didn’t, family is important. But it is a fact. The problem is everything has an age limit in science, which is clearly discriminating against women. (Subject no. 9, natural sciences) The great disparity experienced in development, and typical to all sectors, became quite apparent not long after the significant changes starting in the late ’40s and 50s, i.e. by the 60s, which was most apparent in salary disparities. The allowances of women were significantly lower than that of men even under the same circumstances. The salaries of women hardly reached 80% of that of their male counterparts in cases of identical educational level, position, etc.**! The situation on the labour market seemed to reflect the traditional model of task division in the family as well.*” My boss back then, who considered himself a liberal and does so to this very day, told me during a friendly conversation that he is not including me in a project because [...] our colleagues told him that my husband had a good salary. (Subject no. 16, social sciences) FAMILY POLICY — THE DUAL-EARNER FAMILY MODEL, IDEOLOGY AND REALITY There was typically no division of household tasks even after the 1950s in Hungary. The surfeit, due to household duties and paid employment of women was therefore a source of constant tension and dispute.** The biggest problem 331 [bidem. 382 See also Neményi, M. — Kende, A.: Anyák és lányok, Replika, 1999, 35(3), 117-141. 333 See also Zimmermann, S.: A társadalmi-nemi (gender-) rezsim és küzdelem a magyar államszocializmusban, TNTEF, 64-94, https://ojs.bibl.u-szeged.hu/index.php/tntef/article/ view/33698/32770 and Ferge: Változik-e manapság, and Schadt: , A feltörekvő dolgozó nő".
