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IZOLDA TAKÁCS: THROUGH A GLASS DARKLY WHAT OBSTACLES IS THE LABYRINTH BUILT OF? The present chapter has already listed some of the obstacles women face. I will name these one by one below, highlighting the specificities of academic careers. Carli and Eagly present four clearly defined obstacles, (I) disadvantages due to preconceptions, (II) refusal of female leadership, the issue of leadership style, (III) the difficulties of reconciling career and family life and (IV) the lack of social capital investment.!® Beata Nagy elaborated on these barriers and divided them into (1) preconceptions, (2) questioning the competence of women, (3) non-supportive leadership style, (4) the difficulties of reconciling career and family life, (5) lack of social capital, (6) the scientific career model being tailored to men, (7) the “Matthew effect” and (8) the “Matilda effect”, (9) the self-esteem of men being generally higher than their actual performance, while that of women being lower, (10) the role of media, (11) the “chilling climate”, (12) “benign sexism”! These are discussed in detail below. Not in this sequence, but classifying the obstacles based on whether they occur before breaking through the glass ceiling or whether they threaten only women already holding leadership positions. OBSTACLES BEFORE THE GLASS CEILING As has been mentioned several times, prejudice, social codes (i.e. the fact that women and men behave, speak etc. differently and thus have a different role in society) are one of the cornerstones of gender-related myths. They are in practice most likely to be found on the labour market and, as Beata Nagy points out, they are reflected in the first salaries after graduation (gender pay gap). In science, it can be observed after obtaining a doctorate, mostly in the United States. It suggests that this phenomenon is present at the academic level as well. The paper titled Salaries for female physics faculty trail those for male colleagues published in the 2017 November issue of Physics Today’ collected the reasons and phenomena that may be the backbone of wage differences among scholars. Among other things, it was stated that among academics in the USA, but also in some countries of the European Union, there is a clear evidence of gender-based discrimination. 108 Tbidem. 109 Nagy, n. d., see MTA’s “Women in science” roundtable conference: Attérni az iivegplafont, kijutni az ütvesztöböl - „Nök a tudományban?" kerekasztal az Akadémián, https://mta.hu/ mta hirei/attorni-az-uvegplafont-kijutni-az-utvesztobol-elsokent-ult-ossze-a-nok-a-tudomanyban-kerekasztal-az-akademian-107103 (accessed 9 May 2019). 110 Feder, Toni: Salaries for female physics faculty trail those for male colleagues, Physics Today, 17 November 2017, https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.3760. + 46 e
