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CHAPTER 7 —o — FINDINGS INTRODUCTION According to the framework of the Optimality Theoretical analysis of bilingual grammar, the code-switching mechanisms of all bi- and multilingual speech communities can be described as the result of a conflict between a monolingual and a code-switched candidate, and a linguistic input that has to go througha hierarchical ranking of five universal socio-cognitive constraints. Adopting the premise of optimality in bi- (or multi-)lingual speech, code-switched instances are the optimal linguistic choices, better candidates for “indexing and/or creating particular socio-pragmatic effects””” than their monolingual counterparts. While the five constraints are supposed to be the same in any bi- and multilingual communities, the hierarchy according to which these constraints are ranked depends on an array of socio-cultural norms, the historical and structural context of the multilingual community in the macro social setting as well as on the communities’ collective speech practices?”. As the ranking of constraints varies in different bilingual settings, there have been attempts at setting up community specific rankings. There have been hypotheses of the possible ranking of constraints in two different bimultilingual settings. Bolonyai and Bhatt (forthcoming) hypothesize that the grammar of Hindi-Kashmiri-English code-switching follows the order of {FAITH, PERSPECTIVE, FACE} >> POWER >> SOLIDARITY with FAITH, PERSPECTIVE, and FACE ranking equally’”. 274 Bhatt — Bolonyai, Code-switching and the optimal grammar of bilingual use, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 523 275 Bhatt — Bolonyai, Ibid., 524 276 Bhatt — Bolonyai, Ibid., 522-546 e 123"
