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OPTIMALITY THEORY IN ANALYZING BILINGUAL USE Tableau 4: Interaction of PERSPECTIVE and POWER (PERSPECTIVE 22 POWER) Candidates FAITH | PERSPECTIVE | FACE | POWER | SOLIDARITY — (a) “They do nothing, they say kashmiriyon ko * pahle khud organize hona paRhegaa” (b) “They do nothing, they say “Kashmiris should first them- * selves get organized” Adopting an empirically-based, inductive way of logic, it can be detected that the actual surface representation is the code-switched one, which complies more optimally with the socio-pragmatic function of Perspective necessitated by the situation than the monolingual candidate. The switch, however, violates the constraint of Power. Relying on the fundamental premise of OT that the most optimal candidate, the actual output cannot violate the higher ranked constraint, the constraint of Perspective must outrank the constraint of Power. As Faith, Face, and Solidarity are not activated by this utterance, more data must be provided to determine their rank in interaction with the other constraints and one another. The interaction of Face, with Power and Solidarity is shown in Example [17]. In this example, the switch to English indicates how it fulfils the principle of Face by mitigating a face-threatening request. The switch is also an example of fulfilling the constraint of Power, violating the constraint of Solidarity. Example [17] — The interaction of FACE, POWER and SOLIDARITY 1 A “mujhe paise kii kabhii zarurat paRhegii, J will ask B.” (‘When/If I need money I will ask B.’) (cited by Bhatt and Bolonyai)'* The intended socio-pragmatic function of this utterance is to enable the speaker to avoid or mitigate a face-threatening act, the potential act of negative politeness, when he is borrowing money from B. In this multilingual speech community, there are three candidates to fulfill this intended function through surface realization: the monolingual Hindi, the code-switch to English, or to Kashmiri. In this community, each code has a clear role: English is the official 186 Bhatt — Bolonyai, Ibid., 539 «71°
