Oldal 22 [22]
OCR
1. INTRODUCTION escalation of poverty and widening social disparities. Concurrently, combating hunger persists as a pressing challenge and this problem is intensifying in severity. These dynamics profoundly undermine the realization and enforcement of human rights. On World Environment Day, 5 June 2022, the UN Special Rapporteur on human rights and the environment, David R. Boyd, drew attention to the catastrophic environmental impacts of conflicts that threaten the enforceability of human rights worldwide.*° The consequences of environmental destruction will persist for years after the cessation of armed conflicts and will also exert a significant negative impact on regions not directly affected by warfare. On 19 May 2021, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the effects of climate change on human rights and the role of environmental defenders in this matter, underscoring the distinctive characteristics of the complex phenomenon of climate change, including its uneven spatial and temporal distribution, as well as its predominantly unpredictable and stochastic nature.*” The intimate connection between environmental conditions and the enforceability of the right to a healthy environment is evident. A pivotal milestone was reached, marking the culmination of an era that began with the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, when, on 8 October 2021 in Geneva, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution for the first time recognizing access to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment as a universal human right." The human rights-based approach to climate change underscores the principles of universality and non-discrimination, emphasizing that rights are assured to all individuals worldwide, including vulnerable groups, without discrimination on any grounds, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or any other status. In the light of the foregoing, it is pertinent to inquire how the escalating processes initiated by anthropogenic activities can be influenced through regulatory measures. In the modern context, numerous historical precedents for environmental protection regulations — such as Plato’s Laws — demonstrate that since humans have inhabited the Earth, they have exerted an increasingly significant impact 36 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Catastrophic Environmental Impacts of Conflicts Jeopardize Human Rights,” media advisory, 23 June 2022, https://www.ohchr.org/en/media-advisories/2022/06/catastrophic-environmentalimpacts-conflicts-jeopardize-human-rights. *7 European Parliament, Resolution of 19 May 2021 on the Effects of Climate Change on Human Rights and the Role of Environmental Defenders (2020/2134(INI)), Official Journal of the European Union C 15 (12 January 2022): 111-24, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/ document/TA-9-2021-0245_EN.html. 38 United Nations General Assembly, Resolution 48/13: Establishment of a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in the Region of the Middle East (7 December 1993), https://www.un.org/documents/ ga/res/48/a48r013.htm. 20
