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2.2. TRANSILVANISMUL. DEFINITII CONCEPTUALE 67 integrare íntr-un dialog european mai larg ". Transilvanismul derivá din determinarea spatialá a modului de gándire, din reciproca influentare a constiintei si mediului (specific tuturor regionalismelor, inclusiv celei románesti si celei säsesti) #. Pentru o mai bunä întelegere a contextului in care transilvanismul a apärut si evoluat, trebuie spus cä proiectele literare nationale de dinaintea Primului Razboi Mondial tsi asumau o functie dublä - se pronuntau impotriva puterii, dar se pronuntau, la fel, si impotriva celor care nu erau la putere. Astfel proiectele maghiare incercau o rezistentä fatä de modelul german, dar nu recunosteau sau se pronuntau impotriva proiectelor croatilor, romänilor etc.”°. Potrivit Istoriei lui Neubauer si Cornis Pope, activitätile literare si culturale maghiare din Transilvania nu au fost niciodatä clar definite si cristalizate intr-o singurä ideologie culturalä in anii dintre cele douä räzboaie mondiale. S-au schitat patru vederi, orientäri politice, culturale sau mixte: iredentismul, transilvanismul, danubianismul, comunismul". Cele patru orientari au fost, pe de o parte, divizate, pe de alta parte, se suprapuneau. Numerosi intelectuali si scriitori maghiari au aderat la ideologia transilvana, ideile lor nu au fost singulare in epoca, ci aveau paralele in viata spiritualä romäneascä si in cea säseascä 1”. Curentul numit transilvanist este considerat, in mod traditional, un curent interbelic maghiar. K. Lengyel Zsolt deosebeste doua etape — cea a transilvanismului timpuriu si etapa helikonistä'®. Trecerea din prima in cea de-a doua etapa se face cu revista Erdélyi Helikon, care-si propunea, de la bun inceput, redefinirea esteticä a principiilor transilvaniste. Spre deosebire de Pomogäts, care identificä transilvanismul cu helikonismul, K. Lengyel extinde sfera semanticä a termenului dincolo de gruparea literarä. Alti autori (Fäbian Ernö, Gäll Ernö, Cs. Gyimesi Eva, Läng Gusztäv, Nagy György etc.) considerä cä transilvanismul, ca un construct teoretic al intelectualitätii maghiare interbelice, se baza pe trei 13 Idem, p. 240. Throughout the 20" century, this dialogue has helped question monolithic ideas of Europeanism, bringing forth a cultural heterotopia. This position has parallels in some Hungarian writings like Romanians, Hungarians often felt out-of-place in an eastCentral Europe dominated by Germanic, Slavic and Turkish cultures. 14 K. Lengyel Zsolt, op. cit, p. 219. ... mindkettő a gondolkodásmód térbeli meghatdrozottságából: eszme és környezet egymásrahatásaiból alakult ki, amely egy regionális öntudatra általánosan jellemző. Ezzel a tulajdonsággal egyidejüleg az erdélyi román és német regionalizmus is rendelkezett. 15 John Neubauer-Marcel Cornis Pope, op. cit., 2004, p. 11. ... the national literary projects were themselves Janus-faced and assumed a double-function: they sought self-determination and liberation from external hegemonic powers but they suppressed internal ethnic minorities that attempted to construct their own vernacular literatures as expressions of their own imagined communities. 16 Idem, p. 269. 17 Ibidem, p. 269. This idea found certain parallels and support in the work of Lucian Blaga, who sought to describe the cultural-topographic specificity of Transylvania or in the work of the Saxon writer Heinrich Zillich, who wavered, between nationalistic tones and accents which are fraternally supranational, looking for what binds Transylvanian ethnic groups together. 18 K. Lengyel Zsolt, op. cit., p. 24.
