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EUROPEAN PARTITIVES IN COMPARISON 3. PARTITIVES IN COMPARISON Partitivity can cover various notions that can be encoded by different means, even in languages that have partitivity as a grammatical category, like the Finnic partitive case. How about languages with no partitive case? What strategies do they use to encode the basic partitive concepts? In what grammatical relations are these strategies employed in their grammar? Various languages in Europe have determiners that relate to indefiniteness, others have partitive prepositions, and several European languages have partitive pronouns, sometimes marked for person, and some have a partitive or partitive genitive case; there can also be overlaps between categories of article and preposition, however, these forms usually relate to pseudo-partitive semantics or quantification rather than proper partitivity."° Many are 16 Anna Cardinaletti — Giuliana Giusti: Indefinite determiners: Variation and optionality in italo-romance, in R. D’Alessandro — D. Pescarini (eds.): Advances in dialectology. Sketches of Italo-Romance grammars, Leiden, Brill, 2018, 135-161; Lesia Chaika — Natalia Lehka - Anne Tamm Natalia Vaiss: Ukrainian aspect and object case in ukTenTen: The partitive genitive of perfective verbs and mass nouns, in E. Glaser — P. Sleeman - T. Strobel - A. Tamm (eds.): Partitive constructions and partitive elements within and across language borders in Europe. (LiVVal. Linguaggio e Variazione. Variation in Language 3). Edizioni Ca’ Foscari, Venice; Helen de Hoop: A semantic reanalysis of the partitive constraint, Lingua 103 (1997), 151-174; Helen de Hoop: Partitivity, in L. Cheng — R. Sybesma (eds.): The Second Glot International State-of-the-Article Book: The Latest in Linguistics, Berlin, Boston, De Gruyter Mouton, 2003, 179-212, https://doi. org/10.1515/9783110890952.179; Helen de Hoop: Partitivity. GLOT International 3 (1998), 3-10; Urtzi Etxeberria: The partitive marker in Basque and its relation to bare nouns and the definite article, in P. Sleeman — G. Giusti (eds.): Partitive determiners, partitive pronouns and partitive case (Linguistische Arbeiten 580), Berlin, De Gruyter, 2021, 319-355; David Paul Gerards — Elisabeth, Stark: Why “partitive articles” do not exist in (Old) Spanish, in Disentangling bare nouns and nominals introduced by a partitive article, Leiden, Brill, 2020, 105-139; Giuliana Giusti — Petra Sleeman: Partitive elements in the languages of Europe: An advancement in the understanding of a multifaceted phenomenon, in P. Sleeman - G. Giusti (eds.): Partitive determiners, partitive pronouns and partitive case (Linguistische Arbeiten 580), Berlin, De Gruyter, 2021, 1-30; Elvira Glaser — Petra Sleeman — Thomas Strobel — Anne Tamm (eds.): Partitive constructions and partitive elements within and across language borders in Europe, (LiVVal. Linguaggio e Variazione. Variation in Language), Edizioni Ca’ Foscari, Venice; Riho Grünthal: Diachronic bottlenecks of the Uralic (ablative-)partitive. Linguistic Variation, 23 (2022), 124-156. https://doi.org/10.1075/ lv.21003.gru; Jacob Hoeksema (ed.): Partitives: Studies on the distribution and meaning of partitive expressions, Amsterdam, Mouton de Gruyter, 1996; Tabea Ihsane: Telicity, specificity, and complements with a “partitive article” in French, in T. Ihsane (ed.): Disentangling bare nouns and nominals introduced by a partitive article, Leiden, Brill, 2020, 227-261; Helena Metslang: Coding and behaviour of Estonian subjects, Eesti Ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 4 (2013), 217-293. https://doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2013.4.2.12; Matti Larjavaara: Partitiivin valinta [The choice of partitive], Helsinki, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2019; Dóra Pődör: Az ir nyelvtudás segítségül hívása a Magyar mint idegen nyelv oktatásban [Relying on knowledge of Modern Irish in teaching Hungarian as a foreign language], THL2 1-2 (2017), 226-237; Dóra Pődör: Corpus perspectives on some Irish Gaelic (pseudo-)partitives, in E. Glaser — P. Sleeman - T. Strobel - A. Tamm (eds.): Partitive constructions and partitive elements within and across language borders in Europe. (LiVVal. Linguaggio e Variazione. Variation in Language 3). Edizioni Ca’ Foscari, Venice; Cecilia Poletto — Frencesco Pinzin: An indefinite maze: On the +16 e
