Oldal 27 [27]
1. INTRODUCTION = 25
of the experience and how the participants perceive themselves during this
experience. The schedule of the interview also has to follow the narrative flow
of the interviewee (Smith et al., 2009).
1.2.4.3. Data analysis
The first step of the analysis involves immersing oneself in the data. This
process requires reading and re-reading of the interview transcript and active
engagement with the data to enter the participants world. In the second phase,
initial notes and comments could be added on the right margin of the inter¬
view transcripts which try to capture the meaning-making process of the
participant. In the third step emergent themes develop by grouping notes and
comments. The process of identifying emergent themes involves breaking up
the narrative flow of the interview (which represents a manifestation of the
hermeneutic cycle) and put the pieces together in another new whole. In the
next stage, the researcher is looking for patterns, subordinate and super¬
ordinate themes across cases/interviews and I this way master themes emerge.
The researcher should illustrate each master themes with interview quotation
from at least the half of the participants (Smith et al., 2009).
1.2.4.4. Assessing validity and trustworthiness
There is a significant discussion among qualitative researchers about how to
ensure the quality of a qualitative research. In the case of IPA Smith et al.
(2009) suggest applying Yardley’s (2000) criteria, which presents four princi¬
ples for assessing the validity of a qualitative research. The first principle is
“sensitivity to the context’, which means the researcher should show sensitivity
to the socio-cultural milieu in which the research is situated, the literature on
the topic, and the data collected from the participants. The second principle
is “commitment and rigor”. Commitment means a personal commitment and
investment by the researcher, who ensures the participant to feel comfortable
and attends closely what the participant says. Rigour means appropriateness
of the sample, the quality of the interview and consistency of the analysis. The
third principle is “transparency and coherence”. Transparency refers to how
clearly the stages of the research are presented in the publication, coherence
of qualitative research is judged by the reader of the finished/published study.
The fourth principle is “impact and importance” is also judged by the reader
whether the study tells something relevant and useful.
Rodham, Fox, and Doran (2015) described how trustworthiness could be
ensured in the analytical process of IPA. According to the authors, all re¬
searchers involved in the analysis should listen to the audio recordings of the
interviews. That could prevent the presuppositions of the researchers influ¬