The translated text exemplify the general structure of smoke offering rituals: invi¬
tation of the deity and his retinue, performing smoke offering and other pleasant
offerings to them, praising and encouraging Khangai Khan to ensure health and
prosperity in the region. Also, the text mentions various Mongolian disasters such
as harsh winter weather, and also great masters and deities worshipped by Lamiin
Gegeen including Padmasambhava, the Third Dalai Lama, Heruka, and Khangai
Khan. In colophon Lamiin Gegeen refers to himself as author “Luwsan”, who wrote
this ritual text in Gandandashgembel Palace or Monastery, which supposedly stood
once in the current area of Öwörkhangai province.
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