Oldal 95 [95]
FOREIGN DEMONS IN MONGOLIAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN BUDDHISM THROUGHOUT THE TIME
1) Foreign origin of this word may indicate the fact that proper meaning is usually
offered by context or secondary specification: cf. “animal” in pl. lwäsa ynamñana
= literally “running animals” vs. “bird” in pl. /wasa slyamnana = literally "flying
animals.”!* Such special semantics and lexical connections would be improbable for
an inherited Indo-European word.
2) Usually there are semantic discrepancies in the use of borrowings from other
language families, when adopted loan can develop a set of new meanings in recipi¬
ent language. In case of Tocharian /u / /uwo this word can designate more types of
animals and positive animal on one side and mythological “beast’’, it means negative
wild being on the other side. E.g.:
Tocharian B: (PK-NS-12a4 [Couvreur, 1967 [1969]:153])"
wärttossem luwäsa = “forest animals”
Tocharian A: (YQ 1.13 1/1 [verso], b5-6)'*
tamyo fidktan nd(ktennan)/// (nare pretas lwasi)nan# opyac* klora cam kassim lant¬
senc’ klopas = “Therefore, the gods and goddesses/// the (beings) belonging to (hell,
to the ghost, or to the beasts), having kept in mind that teacher, go away from woe.”
Tocharian A (YQ 1.5 1/2 [recto], a3-5)!°
sne yärm säwes kalpsam tampewatsam warssaltsam maitra(yo)///[m.]dfic<am>
wärtamne Smas imanak maitris niksanad ewram lwa o(nkalman)/// sunt klyomant
metrakyap ydrk ypenc* = “(Because of his) powerful and energetic kindness
(shown) in innumerable great eons,/// whichever forest may reach, there, (goaded)
by the prong of (his) kindness, the wild beasts, (beginning with the) elephants,///
... pay homage to the noble Metrak.”
3) Finally possible Sino-Tibetan origin of this word may be based not only on mul¬
tiple formations of singular and plural forms.'® There is some distant analogy in
singular to plural developments between Tocharian Ju / luwo / lwasa and Mongo¬
lian lu / luu / luus. And also if Tocharian word for A su, B suwo “pig” goes back to
the Indo-European root form "sa", then the same development may be proposed
for lu//uwo, when hypothetical base word */u is quite compatible with zoological
lexicon in Sino-Tibetan below. So I suppose, that this Tocharian parallel meaning
also a “beast” might be originally borrowing from Tibetan or Chinese and that due
to the Chinese rule in Western Regions this word might have been borrowed around
2 Adams, Douglas Q.: A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 558.
15 Cited by Adams, Douglas Q.: À Dictionary of Tocharian B, 558.
Fragments of the Tocharian A Maitreyasamiti-Nataka of the Xinjiang Museum, China. Transliterated,
translated and annotated by Ji Xianlin in collaboration with Werner Winter and Georges-Jean Pinault.
Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin-New York 1998, 96-97.
Fragments of the Tocharian A Maitreyasamiti-Nataka of the Xinjiang Museum, China, 102-103.
Cf. improbable idea that “The B plural formation (...), may result from a cross of this etymon with a
PTch *tswwa “animal” (Adams, Douglas Q.: Adams, Douglas Q.: A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 558).
7 Adams, Douglas Q.: A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 698.
93