Oldal 92 [92]
OCR
FOREIGN DEMONS IN MONGOLIAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN BUDDHISM THROUGHOUT THE TIME (WITH FOCUS ON INITIAL L-) Michal Schwarz Masaryk University, Brno Mongolian is specific by high number of Chinese, Tibetan and Indo-European loanwords beginning with /-. As a result of language contacts, they are not frequent in older stages of Mongolian and appear as an innovation in Buddhist manuscripts and in the context of international relations also in other Altaic languages. This paper 1) summarizes selected cases of these loanwords with context or attestations, 2) analyzes the stages of lexical influences, and 3) uses the results of typological similarities for related Old Turkic and unrelated Tocharian in an attempt to solve unclear etymology of Tocharian word /u/luwo for “animal; beast”. Although Old Turkic loanwords belong to older borrowings in Mongolian, it is worth noting that besides Old Turks also Tocharians survived and produced their last Buddhist manuscripts under the rule of Kitans and in Yuan times. For the newest stage the two terminological connections can be attested in Mongolian cultural world: proper names Lenin with Langdarma and an ethnonym “Russian” with räksasa “demon”, when the second pair has undergone a change of initial r- — /- as in Khamnigan Ewenki Luuca/ Luuta “Russian; monster”. (Note: this paper is an output of the project Mongolian Ritual Manuscripts in a Czech Collection: Their Edition, History, and Central Asian Roots, funded by the Czech Science Foundation, Project No. GA19-07619S. Special thanks go to Krisztina Teleki for her kind information from her interview with an old monk Tsendiin Tserenpuntsag, 1914-2012). For introduction I would like to mention, that in this article I use the term “demon” in free and metaphorical meaning and not as an exact class of beings. Thus this paper includes even words for “dragon” and people designated as demonic or possessed by the demon as in case of Tibetan King Langdarma (ca. 790-842).' Due to methodological and space reasons this paper mainly focuses on words and names beginning with /-. Simple structure of this paper is as follows: 1) linguistic part from synchronic point of view comparing loanwords in modern Mongolian, Old Turkic with parallels in Indo-European; 2) comments to the chronology of different layers of words in Mongolian tradition; 3) synthesis and conclusion. ' Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden: One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. Vol. I. Transl. Maher, Derek F. Brill: Leiden—Boston 2010, 164. 90
