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50 TAMÁS Kocsis more practical and harder and larger-scale business as usual with treatment plant; energy efficiency and waste recycling protection of endangered species iii | focus immediate problems — short- | problems — term perspective long-term perspective decoupling for growth; decoupling for welfare; stress on risk management; stress on uncertainty impact assessment in management, ecological monetary terms; cost-assessment through energy flow analysis; . monetary reductionism; energy reductionism; iv | strategy ecological engineering renewable energy recycling consideration of interspecies rights v | methods of (e)valuation willingness to pay (WTP), willingness to accept (WTA) in cost-benefit analysis (CBA), total economic value (TEV) comprising direct and indirect use values, optional value and existence value highly aggregated and ethically closed approach environmental impact statements/profiles, effects of perturbation on interspecies dependencies, ecologic-economic models, positional analysis, system analysis, social trap analysis, contributory value analysis and carrying capacity assessment highly disaggregated and ethically open-ended approach RANGE OF INTEGRATION economic ecology ecologic economy i | basic problem of study relating technology, political economy and ethics relating physics, technology, political economy, ethics and theology ii | dominant theme anthropocentric anthropocentric with attempts to be open towards biocentric and ecocentric considerations NEO claims that resource scarcity is mostly relative, from which it logically follows — although it is rarely made explicit — that the natural environment (biosphere) forms part of the economic sphere (weak sustainability). This approach suggests considerable optimism about the future, claiming that clean (green) economic growth can be realized in the long term. Its idea of equilibrium echoes Pareto efficiency.’ ECO denies that nature is part of the economy and declares that the relationship is the other way round (strong sustainability). Consequently, the phenomenon of resource scarcity is absolute and inevitable (the biosphere is a closed and finite system) — this fact alone suffices as a warning that constant »Pareto efficiency is defined by economists as a situation where no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off” (International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001).
