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misanthrope. Of Nietzsche or Kierkegaard, this is definitely true. The average person (according to Kierkegaard: the philistine), on the other hand, falls into the second category. At the same time, both Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, or even 2oth-century existentialists, have an opinion on this “species of animal”. They see, they feel, that the welfare of the emerging bourgeois world offers everyone an infinitely stupid, boring, and monotonous alternative, one that is lacking in humanity. They are proud that they create so-called equality of opportunity, but in the meantime say nothing about the fact that this is nothing more than a general call for total (self-)exploitation, in which after the establishment of welfare one also becomes acquainted with concepts such as alienation, loneliness, and anxiety through their own experience. This is what Marx writes around 1844 about alienation (Estranged Labour). He saw what Hegel highly respected as human teleological activity as nothing but forced labor. (PoS. pp-108., PdG pp.145.)* He wrote that, "its alien character emerges clearly in the fact that as soon as no physical or other compulsion exists, labour is shunned like the plague (Pest).” (Marx 2012. p.44. Marx 1981. p. 515.) And he is not alone in this. Oswald Spengler describes similar beliefs when he writes that “born of and grown on the soil, there is a new sort of nomad, cohering unstably in fluid masses, the parasitical city dweller, traditionless, utterly matterof-fact, religionless.” (Spengler 1927.p.32.) The relationship between humans often develops at the border of values, perceived or real. When the measure of all values becomes quantity, the world becomes one of total stupidity and insensitivity, where human beings are permanently distanced by self-exploitation and then alienated from labor, from their relation to labor, from human relations, and finally from themselves, and thus cease to be what they were: sovereignly thinking and acting, sentient and emotional human beings. In this world, the misanthrope and the 46 See Herrschaft und Knechtschaft (Self-Sufficiency and Non-Self-Sufficiency of Self-Consciousness; Mastery and Servitude).
