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IZOLDA TAKÁCS: THROUGH A GLASS DARKLY In literature, a number of features based on binary oppositions were collected in connection with gender. Female gualities are considered being "affectionate, helpful, friendly, kind, and sympathetic, as well as interpersonally sensitive, gentle, and soft-spoken. In contrast, men are associated with being especially aggressive, ambitious, dominant, self-confident and forceful, as well as self-reliant and individualistic”. The latter traits “are also associated in most people’s minds with effective leadership. As a result, women leaders find themselves in a double bind”. If they have the characteristics of women, they are not good leaders and can be criticized because they are not strong enough. But if they are good managers, with masculine features, they seem to be disagreeable." “Representations of non-traditional ‘exceptions’ (feminists, careerist women) reflect negative attitudes (being seen as competent, but not lovable), making adaptation to the traditional role expectations ‘desirable’””.!* Identity is also part of the gender-conscious language use, as the research has shown that it is disagreeable when a woman is ‘too’ confident and manly in task-oriented situations because it violates the expectations towards women.'*° “The environment prefers more insecure women, who may even seek help in some things.” The hierarchy created by the evolving tendency of the job and preserved by the orderly closeness of the male world is present among scientists as well. The disadvantage of women researchers is mainly due to gender stereotypes and the division of male-female roles.'** This was the result of the research carried out by two sociologists, Maria Schadt and Zsuzsanna Pötö between January 2007 and November 2009. Gender inequalities in research and development (R&D) were measured by examining different factors at the institutional (workplace, family) level, based on which the factors preventing the career prospects of women working in scientific research are reproduced. In their questionnaire study, a representative sample was taken that provided a 154 Ryan et al.: Think crisis-think female, 471. According to researchers’ supposition, in the field of scholarly work, most women have chosen to renounce competition as a solution to conflicts (Schadt, M.: Eselyegyenlötlenseg a tudományos szférában, in Nagy, I. — Pongrácz, T. (eds.): Szerepváltozások. Jelentés a nők és férfiak helyzetéről 2011, Budapest, TÁRKI - Nemzeti Erőforrás Minisztérium, 2011, 66). With all this, it became apparent that “the positive changes in women’s education and higher education are usually only changes on the plane of consciousness, while inequalities persist among scientists” (ibidem). Kovacs—Szabé: Tarsadalmi nem és szexizmusok, 44. Cf. Carli, L. L. - Eagly, A. H.: Gender effects on social influence and emergent leadership, in Powell, G. N. (ed.): Handbook of gender and work, Thousand Oaks, Ca, Sage Publications, 1999. 203-222, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231365.n11 Nagy: Szervezet és nemek, 62. Schadt: Esélyegyenlőtlenség a tudományos szférában, 66. 15: a 156 157 15: œ
