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CHAPTER 4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK interaction, i.e., [social] actors switch to a language that is best positioned to signal whatis assumed to be currently salient point of view and socio-cognitive orientation in discourse""8, In other words, the main function of code-switching complying with the principle of Perspective is to accentuate some aspect of bi- or multilingual reality against some other aspect either by contrasting them, by placing them into simultaneous vision, or by bringing them into a common focus. Hence, the principle of Perspective enables the speaker to construct and focus on some aspect of reality from the speaker’s prominent point of view. The act of codeswitching under the principle of Perspective fulfils its main discourse-related function, that is, constructing and focusing on the desired aspect of discursive reality (the time, the place of the setting, the voice of participants) relying on its conversational resources, such as quotations, intertextuality, repetition, emphasis, discourse markers. Not only does the principle of Perspective enable the speaker to construct and put into focus one aspect of reality, is also enables them to position themselves, to take a stance, in the discursive reality. Therefore, such discourse-related functions as irony, sarcasm, which position the speaker in a distance from the constructed reality, are also included in the principle of Perspective. Susceptible to the nature of bi- or multilingual discourse, where speakers are constantly engaged in changing perspectives because they intend to take different positions in time, space or to take different roles required by the needs of the interaction or the genre of a linguistic utterance, functions of perspective-related code-switches have turned out to be the most numerous in the literature of code-switching (53 entries). Such socio-pragmatic functions of code-switches have been evaluated as expressing perspective-taking as “quotation”'®, “message qualification”, “reformulation”, “elaboration”, and “clarification”, “parenthetical remarks” and “off-stage” talk!*’, “reiteration”, 1169 (s » « “repetition”, and “emphasis”!®, shift of “key” and “tone”, “irony”, “sarcasm”, 14 Bhatt — Bolonyai, Code-switching and the optimal grammar of bilingual use, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 533 Gal, Language Shift; McClure — McClure, Macro- and micro-sociolinguistic dimensions of code-switching, 25-51; Auer, The pragmatics of code-switching: a sequential approach, in Lesley Milroy — Pieter Muysken (eds.), One Speaker, Two languages: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on Code-switching, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995, 115-135 Gumperz, Discourse strategies; Lin, Teaching in Two Tongues; Callahan, Spanish/English Code-switching McClure — McClure, Macro- and micro-sociolinguistic dimensions of code-switching, 25-51; Helena Halmari — Wendy Smith, Code-switching and register shift: Evidence from FinnishEnglish child bilingual conversation, Journal of Pragmatics, 21 (1994), 427-445; MontesAlcala, Written code-switching, 193-219; Gumperz, Discourse strategies; Callahan, Spanish/English Code-switching; Montes-Alcala, Written code-switching, 193-219 Auer, The pragmatics of code-switching, 115-135 165 166 167 168 169 .62 +
