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CHAPTER 4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
interaction, i.e., [social] actors switch to a language that is best positioned to
signal whatis assumed to be currently salient point of view and socio-cognitive
orientation in discourse""8,
In other words, the main function of code-switching complying with the
principle of Perspective is to accentuate some aspect of bi- or multilingual reality
against some other aspect either by contrasting them, by placing them into
simultaneous vision, or by bringing them into a common focus. Hence, the
principle of Perspective enables the speaker to construct and focus on some
aspect of reality from the speaker’s prominent point of view. The act of code¬
switching under the principle of Perspective fulfils its main discourse-related
function, that is, constructing and focusing on the desired aspect of discursive
reality (the time, the place of the setting, the voice of participants) relying on
its conversational resources, such as quotations, intertextuality, repetition,
emphasis, discourse markers. Not only does the principle of Perspective enable
the speaker to construct and put into focus one aspect of reality, is also enables
them to position themselves, to take a stance, in the discursive reality. Therefore,
such discourse-related functions as irony, sarcasm, which position the speaker
in a distance from the constructed reality, are also included in the principle of
Perspective.
Susceptible to the nature of bi- or multilingual discourse, where speakers
are constantly engaged in changing perspectives because they intend to take
different positions in time, space or to take different roles required by the
needs of the interaction or the genre of a linguistic utterance, functions of
perspective-related code-switches have turned out to be the most numerous in
the literature of code-switching (53 entries). Such socio-pragmatic functions
of code-switches have been evaluated as expressing perspective-taking as
“quotation”'®, “message qualification”, “reformulation”, “elaboration”, and
“clarification”, “parenthetical remarks” and “off-stage” talk!*’, “reiteration”,
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“repetition”, and “emphasis”!®, shift of “key” and “tone”, “irony”, “sarcasm”,
14 Bhatt — Bolonyai, Code-switching and the optimal grammar of bilingual use, Bilingualism:
Language and Cognition, 533
Gal, Language Shift; McClure — McClure, Macro- and micro-sociolinguistic dimensions
of code-switching, 25-51; Auer, The pragmatics of code-switching: a sequential approach,
in Lesley Milroy — Pieter Muysken (eds.), One Speaker, Two languages: Cross-disciplinary
Perspectives on Code-switching, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995, 115-135
Gumperz, Discourse strategies; Lin, Teaching in Two Tongues; Callahan, Spanish/English
Code-switching
McClure — McClure, Macro- and micro-sociolinguistic dimensions of code-switching, 25-51;
Helena Halmari — Wendy Smith, Code-switching and register shift: Evidence from Finnish¬
English child bilingual conversation, Journal of Pragmatics, 21 (1994), 427-445; Montes¬
Alcala, Written code-switching, 193-219;
Gumperz, Discourse strategies; Callahan, Spanish/English Code-switching; Montes-Alcala,
Written code-switching, 193-219
Auer, The pragmatics of code-switching, 115-135
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