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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW the analyst should demonstrate how that reality is actually constructed through the local interaction-bound interpretation of the meaning of code-switching (constructivist-based CA analysis, cognitive, local, bottom-up approach, and micro-analysis). On the other hand, theorists claim that there are existing societal norms, and for the profound interpretation of the meaning of codeswitching, it has to be analyzed in the global, macro-sociolinguistic reality of a given utterance (essentialist-based sociocultural, global, top-down approach, macro-analysis). Also, there are different approaches to interpreting codeswitching as an inherent part of acommunity’s linguistic repertoire or as the result of a cognitive process of the individual speaker. If it is seen more as part of a community repertoire, its meaning is determined by the community’s norms and sociolinguistic characteristics (Markedness Model). However, if it is seen more as part of the individual’s linguistic repertoire, then the ultimate cognitive choices lie with the individual (Rational Choice Model). As a result of the constant interplay between the two main theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the meaning of code-switches, new tendencies, integrating some elements of one another’s theoretical approaches, have emerged. In the sociocultural approach, thanks to the emergence of ethnopragmatics based on neo-Hymnesian ethnographical traditions, the dimension of the ethno-centered interpretation of the meaning of codeswitching has strengthened**. Among the followers of the Conversation Analysis tradition, the need for a new dual approach integrating the results of the sociocultural approach in the cognitive framework of the Conversation Analysis method has become more apparent”. OPTIMALITY THEORY IN ANALYZING BILINGUAL USE In the quest for a unifying, comprehensive, and universal framework of the how’s and why’s of code-switching, a new perspective has been proposed by Bhatt and Bolonyai focusing on the interpretation of the meaning and functions of code-switching from a sociocognitive perspective™. Bhatt and Bolonyai set up a sociocognitive, normative community framework interpreting the meaning of code-switching in consideration of the cognitive, objective and social factors interplaying in the mechanism of code-switching. Their model provides a unified theoretical framework 96 Wierzbicka, Emotion, language and ‘cultural scripts’, 130-198; Wierzbicka, English: Meaning and Culture; Pavlenko, Emotions and Multiculturalism; Rampton, Neo-Hymesian linguistic ethnography in the UK, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 584-607 97 Wei, “How can you tell?”, Journal of Pragmatics, 375-389; Rampton, Neo-Hymesian linguistic ethnography in the UK, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 584-607 "98 Bhatt — Bolonyai, Code-switching and the optimal grammar of bilingual use, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 522-546 +36 +
