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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW are rights and obligations determining language choices, but these should be explored in the framework of Conversation Analysis. He calls for a dual approach which would unify the Conversation Analysis and Rational Choice models in order to help understand the complexity of code-switching??. In line with Wei’s call for a dual approach®, among the CA theorists we can see two main new perspectives. Parallel to the emergence of the neo-Hymesian linguistic ethnography™ and the anti-universalist ethnopragmatics® in the field of functional code-switching research, there have been attempts to give a comprehensive, universal, and bottom-up approach to code-switching based on the (ethno)cultural examination of a specific speech community. Ethnopragmatics is gaining momentum, and it tilts more towards the essentialist, ethnologically determined approach to the meaning of language choices. Wierzbicka’s concept of cultural scripts opens up a new dimension in the interpretation of code-switching. It claims that cultures have different scripts, different shared understandings of reality, and one concept of reality could be totally lacking in another script. Therefore, the linguistic means of expressing those concepts are also lacking. However, as bilinguals have access to two linguistic realities, two ways of approaching and interpreting reality, they rely on code-switching as a way of filling conceptual gaps inherent in one language by switching to another. In the same vein, Pavlenko claims that different cultures have different emotional scripts®”. Therefore, the array of a linguistic means for the expression of certain emotions may not overlap in different cultures, and it could explain why bilinguals switch from one language to another to express certain emotions. Chan sees code-switching as a textualization cue, expressing pragmatic motivations®®. He claims that the act of code-switching “prompts the listener to interpret the forthcoming message somewhat differently, but it does not necessarily “signal” or “index” some contextual presuppositions”®’. Therefore, 52 Wei, Ibid., 375-389 53 Wei, Ibid., 375-389 Ben Rampton, Neo-Hymesian linguistic ethnography in the UK, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11(5) (2007), 584-607 Cliff Goddard, Ethnopragmatics: anew paradigm, in: Cliff Goddard (ed.), Ethnopragmatics: Understanding Discourse in Cultural Context, Berlin, New York, Mouton de Gruyter, 2006, 1-30 Anna Wierzbicka, Emotion, language and ‘cultural scripts’, in: Shinobu Kitayama and Hazel Rose Markus (eds.), Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence, Washington, American Psychological Association, 1994, 130-198; Anna Wierzbicka, English: Meaning and Culture, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 Aneta Pavlenko, Emotions and Multiculturalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005 Brian Chan, Beyond “contextualization”: code-switching as a textualization cue, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 23 (7) (2004), 7-27 Chan, Beyond “contextualization”, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16-17 +34»
