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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW This three-fold categorization of Zentella’s® is the result of a thorough and descriptive analysis, which is based primarily on the actual situational and conversational analysis of the needs of the bilingual individual. Conversely, it places less emphasis on the examination of code-switching as a community specific act in the wider social context of bilingual communities. Gardner-Chloros goes even further by claiming that as the motivations for linguistic choices are multiple, no rigid correlation should be assumed between external factors and the speakers’ motivation. Conversely, even though codeswitching is an inherent part of a community’s linguistic repertoires, the imaginative force of an individual’s repertoire might be more determinant than the community norms“. New CA APPROACHES Although all followers of the CA model agree that all interpretation of codeswitching instances should rely primarily on conversational local evidence provided by the conversation analysis of speech, they differ on the extent to which they regard code-switching to be interpretable also as a socially meaningful act reflecting social reality. Stroud emphasizes that conversational code-switching is so intertwined with social life that the interpretation of its meaning should rely on “an understanding of social phenomena””. Therefore, he calls for an ethnographic perspective which should be “wedded to a detailed analysis of conversational microorienation and viewed against the background of a broad notion of context". As such, he emphasizes the need to reconcile the macro- and microanalytical methods for understanding the meaning of code-switching. Wei also claims that the meaning of code-switching has to be interpreted in the broader social context®*. However, he points out that the task of the analyst is to demonstrate how the social meaning is constructed in the interactional process rather than assuming that “in any given conversation, speakers switch languages in order to ‘index’ speaker identity, attitudes, power relations, formality, etc.”°°. That is the answer to why the “broad why questions” always have to rely on the analysis of how meaning is locally constructed®. 59 Zentella, Ibid. 60 Gardner-Chloros, Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg, 178 6 Gardner-Chloros, Ibid., 47 62 Stroud, Perspectives on cultural variability of discourse and some implications for codeswitching, 322 6 Stroud, Ibid., 323 64 Wei, The ‘why’ and ‘how’ questions in the analysis of conversational code-switching, 156-176 65 Wei, Ibid., 163 66 Wei, Ibid., 163 * 30°
