Oldal 451 [451]
OCR
Visualizations of “Hooligans”. A Bulgarian Film of the 1960s (TKZS) and in the forest. The incomes from the production of the different labour activities formed the so-called off-budget account, which was allocated partly for meeting the basic needs of the school, partly for organizing leisure activities, for celebrations of birthdays, for small gifts on various occasions, for the purchase of radio sets and so forth, and partly for personal use of the juveniles after their release (each student had a savings bank account in the Darzhavna spestovna kasa (‘State Savings Bank’).’” The aim of behavioral and cognitive indoctrination through the establishment of a normative socialist culture was served through regular lessons such as “Our Future and Communism’, “The Socialist Discipline and Its Meaning”, and “Moral Purity”*’ and also through concerts, plays, and celebrations on occasions of political state holidays. Patriotic and political-educational excursions and trips around the country were organized in cooperation with the Bulgarian Tourist Union (Fig. 1). Despite clear ideological intentions, these excursions provided the juveniles from the closed institution with both recreational time and new insights. The retrospective autobiographical narratives of Nevena and Metodi Grancharovi, as well as the archival materials from the 1960s, show the intertwining of theoretical knowledge and practical elements borrowed from the officially recognized, and dominant at that time in Bulgaria, pedagogical systems of Makarenko and Vasyl Sukhomlynsky and also of teachers such as Janusz Korczak” (Grancharova 1966; Grancharova & Dencheva 2003). The educational program involved sensitising the students to the beauty of nature, and art—a drama circle, a choir, and a workshop on artistic speech were organized in the very first year. The students were encouraged to find a place near to the school for an annual celebration of a specific school feast on March 22, which was given the name of Vecher na mechtite i mladostta (“Evening of dreams and youth).°*° At this place, called Ezero na mominite tayni (“The lake of girls’ secrets’) the students, under the supervision of a master, built a “sun palace” and staged plays of historical content and others such as Cinderella (Fig. 2). The state politics included meetings and mutual visits to the LES schools throughout the country; since 1962, LES festivals were held annually. These meetings were confined largely within the institution of LES. Despite the restrictions, 27 Tbid.: 14. 8 Tbid.: 8 gr., 9. Combining the philosophy of Todor Pavlov with the implementation of the classical conditioning theory of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) a necessary requirement for all subjects was the permanent underlining of the partiynost (‘class-and- party-standpoint’ which meant ‘communist party standpoint’). The lack of qualification and training of the teachers led often to ridiculous claims, such as: “The partiynost (‘class-and-party-standpoint) is violated when precise data are not given, for example, in the story for the 3“ class ‘War’. In this story should be explained that the fight between different kinds of weeds and plants is possible but not inevitable as the struggle between the two classes is” (Ibid.). » Korczak’s pedagogy was recognized in socialist Bulgaria because of Janusz Korczak’s resistance to fascist Germany. % DA Pernik, E 705, op. 1, ae. 1:6 gr. 449
