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116 Ilkim Buke-Okyar that include historical imagery, whether as a reference in the illustration of current events or as full portrayal of a historical event, all three sorts of images—images of people, space, and time—worked together in forming the Turkish perception of and reaction to these Arab stereotypes. In conclusion, as in Nadir’s cartoon (Fig. 1), the reservoir of stereotypes of Arab behaviour and appearance developed before the nation emerged as a persona in which the real and fictional physiognomic and characteristic features seamlessly blended together to form an ultimate Other. This image represented the past that the new Turk did not want to associate himself with. Bringing all of the qualities identified with both the zk (“white”) Arabs of the Middle East and the kam (“black”) Arabs of sub-Saharan Africa together, in the pursuit of a national identity, a hyper-reality of the Arab Other was imagined in early republican cartoon space. Sources Akbaba, May 2, 1936; July 18, 1936; October 17, 1936. Yap1 Kredi Karagéz Collection 2004. Torn is the Curtain, Shattered is the Screen, the Stage All in Ruins. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Kiiltiir Sanat Yayincilik. Cumburiyet (‘The Republic’), Saturday, April 25, 1936. Karagëz, October 18, 1911; November 7, 1925. Tan Gazetesi (‘Tan Dailynews’), April 21, 1936; April 22, 1936; April 23, 1936; November 1, 1936. Karikatür, April 4, 1936. References And M. 1975. Karagöz: Turkish Shadow Theatre. Ankara: Dost Yayınları. Bauman Z. & May T. 2001. Thinking Sociologically. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Buke I. 2015. Arabs in Visual Rhetoric and the Emergence of Turkish National Identity, 1908-1939. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Kreitman School for Advanced Graduate Studies. Hill Ch. A. & Helmers M. (eds.) 2012. Defining Visual Rhetoric. London: Routledge. Khoury BS. 1985. Divided Loyalties? Syria and the Question of Palestine, 1919-1939. Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 324-348. Kudret C. 2005. Karagöz 3 Volumes. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Medhurst M.J. & DeSousa M.A. 1981. Political Cartoons as Rhetorical Form: A Taxonomy of Graphic Discourse. Communications Monographs, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 197-236. Öngören F. 1983. Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Mizahı Ve Hicvi ("Turkish Humor and the Hijab’). Istanbul: Türkiye Is Bankası Yayınları. Pfaff W. 1994. Nationalism and Identity. 7he Way, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 6-16. Rajchman J. 1988. Foucault’s Art of Seeing. October, vol. 44, pp. 88-117. Shalins M. 1987. Islands of History. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. Said E.W. 1979. Orientalism. London: Vintage. Sufian S. 2008. Anatomy of the 1936-1939 Revolt: Images of the Body in Political Cartoons of Mandatory Palestine. Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 23-42.
