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THE RULE OF LAW REVISITED — FINNISH APPROACH certainly a cumbersome way to a common general part of European criminal law or harmonized general parts of national criminal laws.? For instance, the Hungarian scholar Norbert Kis demonstrated this difficulty by his analysis on the principle of culpability.?" In spite of many successful partial reforms, the harmonization of national criminal laws by EU’s legislative instruments has turned out to be much more difficult than developing in ECtHR common standards for criminal procedure. In a recent European Criminal law Associations’ Forum, Eucrim 2019/4, there are interesting analyses about the following developments: 20 years since Tampere, 10 years after Lisbon, 20 years of protecting the financial interests of the EU, and the establishment of European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO). As for the future, the Commission officials Péter Csonka and Oliver Landwehr are. however, pessimistic. although the 2011 Commission Communication on EU criminal policy, COM(2011)573 final, concluded with a “vision for a coherent and consistent EU Criminal Policy by 2020”, because Member States’ enthusiasm for new initiatives is limited”. Problems arise from the diverse legal regimes within the EU and the countries which have joined ECHR and, therefore, multi-layered criminal policy. For instance, Mikhel Timmerman concludes his monograph “Legality in Europe” that the EU legality principle leaves much to be developed and that the CJEU’s approach to it lacks consistency”’. ?” See especially Kai Ambos, Is the Development of a Common Substantive Criminal Law for Europe Possible?, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 12 (2005), 173-191; André Klip (ed.), Substantive Criminal Law of the European Union, Antwerpen, Maklu, 2011. Kis, Norbert, The Principle of Culpability in European Criminal Law Systems, in Hollan, Miklos (ed.), Towards More Harmonised Criminal Law in the European Union, Budapest, Magyar Tudomänyos Akadémia, 2004, 107-117. 29 See Csonka, Péter — Oliver Landwehr, 10 Years after Lisbon. How “Lisbonised” is the Substantive Criminal Law in the EU? Eucrim (2019), 261-267. Timmerman, Legality in Europe, 312. 28 30 + 407 +
