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ELSPETH GUILD with over 362 million entries of third country nationals into the EU in the same year). Yet the consequences of investing so much political capital in addressing the issue has led the EU to the point where very serious and well documented allegations of crimes against humanity have been levelled against its officials for their actions alleged to lead to the torture and abuse of migrants in Libya. CONCLUSIONS The international criminal investigation and prosecution against named officials in Europe did not begin with the Nuremburg trials in 1945-46 nor end there.” The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia between 1993-2017 brought international criminal justice back to Europe” and the investigation by the prosecutor to the International Criminal Court into allegations of crimes against humanity planned and executed by individuals at the highest levels of the EU institutions is revelatory of the importance of international justice.** The work of eminent jurists such as Professor Bard in the field of criminal justice has been seminal to these developments. Impunity is contrary to the principle of rule of law of equality before the law. Throughout his career, Professor Bard has championed rule of law for all in the field of criminal law and in doing so contributed to justice in Europe. BIBLIOGRAPHY BARD, Käroly, Menschenrechte und richterliche Unabhängigkeit in den Ländern des Donauraumes, Discussion Paper, Europa-Kolleg Hamburg, Institute for European Integration 3 (2012). CANNON, Brendon — PKALYA, Dominic — MARAGIA, Bosire, The international criminal court and Africa: Contextualizing the anti-ICC narrative, African Journal of International Criminal Justice 2 (2016), 6-28. 21 Frontex, Annual Risk Assessment, 2020, 22, https://frontex.europa.eu/publications/frontexreleases-risk-analysis-for-2020-vpOTZ7. 2 Telford Taylor, The Nuremberg Trials, Columbia Law Review, 55 (1955), 488-525; Robert E. Conot, Justice at Nuremberg, New York, NY, Harper & Row, 1983, 14; William A. Schabas, The trial of the Kaiser, Oxford, OUP, 2018. Sandra Ristovska, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights, London, New York, NY, Routledge, 2017. Paolo Cuttitta, Repoliticization through search and rescue? Humanitarian NGOs and migration management in the Central Mediterranean, Geopolitics 23 (2018), 632-660. 23 24 s 84 +
