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HERNÁN OTERO Fourth, immigration was responsible for fast urbanization. Ihe urban population increased from 289 in 1869, to 379 in 1895, 539 in 1914 and 579 in 1930. Ihis process was the conseguence of urban settlements of immigrants, in spite of the objectives of the intellectual elites, the rural origin of the majority of immigrants and the large availability of lands which, in general, remained under control of native landholders. For the same reason, immigrants were incorporated in secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy, and were a master key of industrialization in the largest cities (mainly Buenos Aires and then Cordoba and Rosario). Fifth, the settlement of immigrants in the country was unequal. Their presence was quite significant in the city (49% in 1914) and province of Buenos Aires (34%), the richest and largest of the country. Other provinces of the so called “Pampa Gringa” such as Santa Fe and Cordoba, had an important contribution. Provinces protected by import duties, such as Mendoza (wine) or Tucumän (sugar) also received a significant flux, but in a smaller proportion. In other parts of the country, their presence was not important from a quantitative point of view. In short, European migration stressed, in a deep way, the territorial imbalance of the country: the richer regions increased their population proportion from less than 60% in 1869 to more than 80% in 1930. As Gino Germani pointed out, the result of this process could be defined as the “dual Argentina”.* Sixth, in a clear contrast with the United States, Argentina received basically the so-called “new migration”, coming from the South and East of Europe. Italians and Spanish, in that order, were 79% of the migratory flux between 1874 and 1914, followed by the smaller group of the French, (226,874 immigrants). After the Great War, a period with negative migratory balance due to a drastic reduction of entries and a rise of returns, immigrants from Central Europe, Syria and Lebanon, increased their presence without modifying the Latin preponderance. Seventh, from a religious point of view, immigration was basically Catholic. The Jewish population, scarce in 1890, increased by colonization enterprises in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe and Entre Rios, but especially after the pogroms in Russia and during the Holocaust. It has been calculated that more than 200,000 Jews emigrated to Argentina from 1880 until the creation of the State of Israel in 1948.° Jewish migration was composed of Russians and Polish and, in a much smaller proportion, by Germans and people from 3 Eduardo Miguez: Poblacién y sociedad, in Miguez: América Latina en la Historia contempordnea. Argentina. La Apertura al mundo. 1880-1930, Madrid, Fundacion Mapfre— Taurus, 2011. Gino Germani: Politica y sociedad en una época de transicion. De la sociedad tradicional a la sociedad de masas, Buenos Aires, Paidés, 1962. Haim Avni: Argentina y la historia de la inmigraciön judia (1810-1950), Buenos Aires, Editoria Universitaria Magnes, Universidad Hebrea de Jerusalén, AMIA, 1983. + 292 +
