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204 DOROTTYA MENDLY — MELINDA MIHÁLY to industrial agriculture, and a scientific discipline. Since current policy allocates resources for agroecological practices, a framing competition has emerged between social movements and industrial agricultural actors to define the term. Among the agricultural practices proposed by agroecology, permaculture can be considered one of the most radical in searching for systemic alternatives. Permaculture regards political decentralization as one of the best social systems, which it aims to achieve through networking and grassroots organization based on bioregional foundations, in line with the ethics of caring for people. Bioregionalism is a movement not directly related to food, but it can help the planning of local food systems and the organization of food sovereignty on a landscape scale both from a scientific perspective (developing a local food system that fits the landscape) and as a movement (an emancipatory approach). The alternatives presented in this chapter are in dialogue with each other and can easily be combined. However, as shown by the above-mentioned challenge of agroecology, groups of civil organizations, small-scale farmers and researchers fighting for systemic alternatives struggle to build a social base due to a lack of resources. In the absence of a social base, asserting their interests becomes difficult. Advocacy through NGOS is particularly difficult in Central and Eastern Europe because of the scarcity of resources. Nonetheless, owing to the semi-peripheral position of CEE, several alternative practices of food provisioning have survived (e.g., food self-provisioning through backyard farming, preservation, etc.) which can be relied on in the search for systemic alternatives. Recommended readings Tilzey, Mark 2019. “Food Democracy as ‘Radical’ Food Sovereignty: Agrarian Democracy and Counter-Hegemonic Resistance to the Neo-Imperial Food Regime.” Politics and Governance 7/4: 202-213. This work clarifies basic terminology and political concepts, and argues for the radical position. Via Campesina 1996. The Right to Produce and Access to Land. The Rome Declaration. https://viacampesina.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/11/1996-Rom-en.pdf Nyéléni 2007. Declaration of Nyéléni. Nyéléni Village. https://nyeleni.org/IMG/pdf/ DeclNyeleni-en.pdf Fundamental documents of the global movement of food sovereignty Bibliography Altieri, Miguel A. — Nicholls, Clara I. 2017. “Agroecology: a brief account of its origins and currents of thought in Latin America”. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 41/3—4: 231-237. DOL: 10.1080/21683565.2017.1287147 Ängyän, Jözsef 2003. A környezet- &s täjgazdälkodäs agroökológiai földhasználati alapozäsa [The agroecological land use foundations of environmental and landscape husbandry]. MTA doktori értekezés. Szent István Egyetem, Gödöllő, Környezet- és Tájgazdálkodási Intézet. Baer, Hans A. 2019. Democratic Eco-Socialism as a Real Utopia: Transitioning to an Alternative World System. New York, Berghahn Books. Baläzs, Bälint 2020. “Elelmiszerönrendelkezes” [Food sovereignty]. Fordulat 27: 83-101.
