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IZOLDA TAKÁCS: THROUGH A GLASS DARKLY create some kind of ideological unity aside from the dissimilarity, and to balance out whomens lesser status.?" Models of gender identity Van Breen and associates have visualised the female identity in two types of orthogonal dimensions: along (1) the identification with women and (2) the identification with feminists.” According to their position, the degree of identification with women (femininity) reflects most appropriately the attitude society associates with being a member of the female collective, and can answer the question “what does it mean to be a woman?” from the aspect of group characteristics, interests and values. It can also forecast the attitudes towards group characteristics, such as femininity and self-stereotypes.?°° Identification with feminists primarily means everything that “is related to increased perceptions of sexism in society, discontent with current power distributions and the status quo, and increased involvement in collective action”.”*! Relying on these conclusions, the authors define the content of identification with feminists on the basis of the group of women the members of which recognise and refuse their own disadvantageous social status, i.e. are taking action against gender inequalities. They show furthermore what it means to be a disadvantaged woman, having an unequal and relative status.” They have finally established four identity profiles based on their surveys. Women (1) identifying neither with women nor with feminists fall into the “non-identifier” group. Women (2) identifying strongly with women but not with 248 Acsády ].: A hazai feminizmus fénykora — A mozgalom előzményei és kibontakozása a századelőn, in Csapó, I. — Török, M. (eds.): Feminista Almanach, 2005, Budapest, MINŐKNŐTÁRS Alapítvány, 2005; Czibere: Az asszonyok történetének megírásáról... Van Breen and associates (Van Breen et al.: A Multiple Identity) have studied women through four different samples. The 1st sample consisted of 91 female students of the University of Groningen, the average age of the group was 20.8 years, the youngest being 18, the oldest 48 years old. The 2nd sample consisted of 121 participants from the University of Granada, ages 18 to 50, the average age being 19.75. The 3rd sample included 201 women, of ages 16 to 68, with the average age being 30.6 years. The 4th sample was put together from 200 students, also from the University of Groningen. Their age was between 17 and 31, 19.7 years on average. All four groups have identified much stronger with women than with feminists, but the results of the various surveys have been further analysed in light of a multiple identity approach. The analyses further reinforced that identifying with women and identifying with feminists are two distinctly separate aspects of gender identity, which clearly demonstrates that gender identity is far from being unified, even in these groups. Significant overlaps could however be found, as this paper also elaborates. 250 Van Breen et al.: A Multiple Identity, 19. 251 Ibidem, 2. 252 Ibidem. 249 + 80°
