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WOMEN IN TOP LEADERSHIP POSITIONS comprehensive picture of work and career opportunities of men and women working in the scientific field. A total of 1271 questionnaires were analysed (the sample consisted of 447 men [34.2%] and 824 women [64.8%]) to seek answers to the differences between the two sexes in scientific advancement chances and circumstances in different disciplines.’ Their results have shown, among other things, that the requirements of scientific research could not be fulfilled by women as a result of reconciling private life tasks, namely family and career, because they have been much more burdened than men. However, women were in a disadvantaged position even if the same conditions existed for both, for instance, because men’s anticipated confidence in their own sex meant additional benefits to men (see old men’s club, Matthew effect). Fewer opportunities for women resulted in less professional achievement, fewer publications, and thus a lag in the hierarchy of scientific life.'°° Based on the answers to the open questions, it was also highlighted that out of men and women with the same qualifications and scientific degrees, men got better positions, most of them not for their performance. CONCLUSION As can be seen therefore, the widespread conscious and unconscious mental innervations of women, men, and leaders are the factors behind discrimination. Numerous studies have confirmed that people associate women and men with different attributes, which favour the careers of men in the labour market. For this reason, the biggest obstacles in the careers of women are the result of traditional role perceptions. If we look at the results, it is undeniable that there have been changes in all areas. On the scientific field, as Nora Séllei writes in her study Professzornék a Debreceni Egyetemen [Women Professors at the University of Debrecen], the proportion of women with leading positions nearly doubled (17%) in four years, but “17% is still only one-third of 50%, and half of those with PhD degrees are women. Similarly, disproportionate data will be encountered even if we are not examining the leadership position but the hierarchy of university instructors."61 What can be done with such a multi-faceted issue? 159 Ibidem. 160 Tbidem. 161 Séllei: Professzornők, 262.
