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THE INTELLECTUAL RESOURCES OF MODERN GOVERNANCE that the country badly needs "Entwickelung und Kultur,"? so that Hungary could be among the first-ranked powers of Europe. However, while the openly pro-Josephist Schwartner admonished the Hungarian nobility for clinging to their “old-fashioned privileges,” Berzeviczy, with a keen eye on the economic inequality between his patria and the hereditary lands, implicitly accused the Viennese government of menacing the well-being of the country: “Landwirtschaft, Industrie und Commerz, wodurch das Volk sich Unterhalt und Wohlstand verschafft, wodurch der Staat machtig wird, erfordern also eine vorziigliche Fürsorge der Regierung, und jede Einschränkung des Unterhalts eines Volks, jedes Hinderniß siner Industrie, und Commerzes: untergräbt dessen physisches und politisches Daseyn.”°* As a systematic and encyclopaedic discipline, Staatenkunde in Hungary was originally a product of the Protestant North German universities.*° It incorporated a long tradition of state description, beginning with the rendering of the whereabouts of the Aristotelian polis, extended by the geographical atlases and cosmographies of the Renaissance and on through the Enlightenment, and by the emergence of focused attention on information on other states that had such an impact on state affairs in the Venetian and Florentine republics, up until the institutionalization of this body of knowledge at the universities of Helmstedt (by Conring), Halle (Gassner, etc.), Jena and, above all, Göttingen. Achenwall was the first scholar that had attempted to transform this ad hoc genre of state description into a systematic and “scientific“ description of the state as a system. The system of description has often been characterized as a quasi-mechanical transmission of the so-called “Aristotelian division” of the natural and political realm into a “material cause” (Staatsgrundmächte, including Land und Leute), a “formal cause”, and finally into a “final cause”.% More recently this has been seen as a conscious design for rendering the interlocking natural and the cultural-political realms of the state." The chief structuring of the “statistical” data thus described first the human and physical geography realm of “nature” (the latter complete with the description of the climate of the state, the inhabitants and the natural riches of the land). For the completion of a BERZEVICZYy, Ungarns Industrie und Kommerz, 8. 34 Tbid., 120. More recently about the Göttinger tradition see GIERL, Geschichte, 161. HoRvÁTH, A magyar leíró statisztikai irány fejlődése, 37 See GIERL, Geschichte, 177. * 193 ¢
