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OPTIMALITY THEORY IN ANALYZING BILINGUAL USE and "parody""", "role-shift""", "double-voicing", "bivalency", "heteroglossia", "hybridity""?, "footing""?, and as a "contextualization cue". Example [11] provides a clear instance of how code-switching under the principle of Perspective offers multiple choices. It marks a change in footing, it enables the speaker to position himself as ‘other’, and to put his American vision into a parodic focus.'” In this situation, two Hungarian-American men speak about the initial difficulties they encountered in the US. The speaker recalls one particular instance when he was — according to him — unfairly fined 100 dollars for inadvertently overdrawing his bank account by four cents. He expresses his frustration over this situation, particularly, over the way he was treated in the bank when he made a complaint. Example [11] 1 A "És bementem személyesen és megkérdeztem, hogy mi van, és fölhívtam, és és egyszerűen egy dolgot fogtak föl, az ő szempontjukból egy dolog volt fontos, hogy én nem értem a helyzetet. És el kezdtek magyarázni, hogy well explain you the situation." ‘And I went [to the bank] in person, and asked them what was going on, and I called them, and and they understood one thing only, from their perspective there was only one thing that was important that I do not understand the situation. And they began to explain that, "well explain you the situation") (cited by Bhatt and Bolonyai)"" = w ND The speaker starts his turn in English and switches to Hungarian (line 4) when he directly quotes the American bank clerk. In Bolonyai and Bhatt’s OT model for bilingual use, the switch to English is more harmonic with the perspective-taking constraint relevant in the situation than a potential monolingual candidate. The switch fulfils a three-fold function enriching the propositional force of the utterance. By switching to English when quoting 1” Woolard, Code-switching and comedy in Catalonia, 53-76; Anita Pandey, The pragmatics of code alternation in Nigerian English, Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 25 (1) (1995), 75-117 171 Auer, The pragmatics of code-switching, 115-135; Zentella, Growing Up Bilingual 1? Ben Rampton, Crossing, Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents, London, Longman, 1995; Bhatt, In other words, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 177-200 Zentella, Growing Up Bilingual; Auer, Introduction, 1-24 4 Gumperz, Discourse strategies; Li Wei, Three Generations, Two Languages, One Family: Language Choice and Language Shift in a Chinese Community in Britain, Clevedon, England, Multilingual Matters, 1994; Auer, The pragmatics of code-switching, 115-135 5 Bhatt - Bolonyai, Code-switching and the optimal grammar of bilingual use, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 534 6 Bhatt — Bolonyai, Ibid., 534 17 > + 63 +
