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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW of instances of code-switching, and it does not make assumptions about a socially constructed extra-conversational context in which these instances can be interpreted. As such, it strengthens the fundamentally linguistic, discourse analytical approach to the meaning-making functions of code-switching. Hence, by not assuming that an extra-conversational, socially constructed wider context exists per se in which the instances of code-switching become actually meaningful, it fails to explain how code-switching acts for the actual speakers as a social means of negotiating the different extra-conversational social realities of different speech communities. We have seen above that the various approaches to the interpretability of meaningful instances of code-switching can be positioned along the continuum of the (re)constructed and essentialist language reflects society continuum. These different approaches are posited on this theoretical continuum tilted towards one of its two extremes, with one claiming that the meaning of codeswitching can be attributed to extra-contextual/interactional social structural evidence and the other claiming that it can be attributed to intra-contextually/ interactionally constructed social reality. In recent theoretical approaches there have been attempts to narrow the gap between these different approaches and to provide a more unified approach to the interpretation of the meaning of code-switching. LOCAL VS. GLOBAL APPROACHES In addition to the debate whether the meaning of code-switching can be assumed relying on extra-interactional factors or it should be demonstrated in the interaction proper, there has been a discussion of whether code-switching as a choice lies more with the individual constrained by the dynamics of specific interactive episodes” or constrained more by a community’s linguistic repertoire”. ® Auer, Bilingual Conversation; René Appel — Pieter Muysken, Language Contact and Bilingualism, New York, Edward Arnold, 1987; Ana Celia Zentella, Ta bien, you could answer me en cualquier idioma, Puerto Rican codeswitching in bilingual classrooms, in Richard Duran (ed.), Latino Language and Communicative Behavior, Norwood, N.J., Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1981, 109-132; Zentella, Growing Up Bilingual Myers-Scotton, Social Motivations for Code-switching; Myers-Scotton, A theoretical introduction to the Markedness Model, 18-38; Myers-Scotton — Bolonyai, Calculating speakers: code-switching in a rational choice model, Language in Society, 1-28; Anna De Fina, Code-switching and the construction of ethnic identity, Language in Society, 36 (3) (2007), 371-392; Bhatt — Bolonyai, Code-switching and the optimal grammar of bilingual use, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2011, 522-546 + 28 +
