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The Faces of the Enemy in the Two World Wars above-mentioned caricature from Magyarsdg (K, July 6, 1941). In Kladderadatsch caricatures published after 1941, the bear rarely appears without Stalin’s face drawn into its figure (for example, on his stomach). The shadow of the red bear haunts over Europe, or Stalin snarls at the small nations or even at his allies. One can see the injured bear in Kladderadatsch, but not often. In the caricatures in Magyarsdg, the bear is gripped by a pair of pliers bearing the swastika (K, February 14, 1943; K, March 19, 1944; M, November 27, 1941). The English heraldic animals—the unicorn and the lion—appear in the same way as the bear: when the entente or allied troops lost battles or resources on the continent, caricatures were published showing the lion with injuries, bandages, bleeding, with lost limbs or crying (a very cowardly act) in the caricatures of both wars (Fig. 48). No respect is given to the king of the beasts in the caricature in which he begs the Turkish pasha in Egypt (K, October 31, 1915). The unicorn appears rarely and only in Kladderadatsch, his most characteristic feature being that he crashes into something, for instance into a flagpole with the Turkish flag (K, January 3, 1915). Britain also appeared as a sea lion in the period of WWI when the caricaturist wanted to refer to a naval battle (K, July 23, 1916). Another animal generally connected with Britain is a bulldog, snarling next to Churchill, which emphasises British aggression (BJ, April 7, 1918). Sometimes one can see more than one injured animal in a caricature, for instance, the bulldog and the Gallic rooster together (Fig. 49). The depiction of France using a rooster wearing the Gallic cap has no connection to the French coat of arms, although it is deeply rooted in tradition. The Romans used the word ‘Gallic for the territory of modern France, and the Latin word means both ‘Gallic man’ and ‘rooster’. This animal was also depicted wounded or with bandages (K, July 23, 1916). In the period of WWII one cannot find the rooster after 1940, after the German occupation of France. The aim and logic of caricatures with the symbolic figure of a country—Marianne in the Gallic cap for France, Ivan the Cossack for Russia, later the Bolshevik worker for the Soviet Union, the figures of Uncle Sam and John Bull—or depicting leading politicians (K, November 26, 1939) who are also injured, missing limbs or bleeding, is the same as with the animals. In both analysed periods caricatures of deformed human beings were published in great numbers. These caricatures are in stark contrast to the caricatures referencing the in-group (see section Depiction of the Self), in which the German eagle flies over the battlefields, or in which brave and strong German soldiers are smiling. The extent of the deformation of human beings differs in the two analysed periods. The politicians and personifications of the countries were shown more amorphously (for example with a disproportional body or ugly features) during WWII and more frequently than earlier. While Magyarsäg changed the facial features or the normal proportions of the human body, the caricaturist of Kladderadatsch modified the figures in more varied ways: the characters of the latter are often shown without clothes (referring to their immo117
