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38 Christie Davies rejection of the Other, one clearly reflected in the images, using an imagined scale of one to a hundred. For the Anglo-Saxon images as for those collected by my East and Central European colleagues the score varies from, say, ten to eighty with the score rising massively in wartime, as yesterday’s neighbour or ally becomes today’s enemy. In peacetime it can be as low as ten which simply means that the Other is seen as oddly different and locally inferior, something which, as Herodotus noted, is almost universal and which need not be a source of concern, although it can, of course, be higher. In the case of the Jews, disliked or even hated by the anti-Semites, the score for rejection might range from forty in Eastern Europe in the 1930s to a hundred under the Nazis when they were pursuing their ‘final solution of the Jewish problem’. No one else scores anything like as high, except the enemies of the Soviet Union or other communist societies, who scored well over ninety when seen by the rulers of that hateful society, which in turn affected the images. The figures I have provided are, of course, imaginary but they put in perspective the wide and fluctuating variety of images of the Other which should never be casually lumped together—the differences far outweigh the commonalities. Acknowledgements My thanks to Dr Liisi Laineste and the ELM for inviting me, to the British Council for funding me and to the library of the University of Reading for assistance. References Aulich J. 2007. War Posters, Weapons of Mass Communication. London: Thames and Hudson. Brustein W.L. 2003. Roots of Hate, Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bryant M. 2005. World War II in Cartoons. London: Grub Street. Bryant M. 2006. World War I in Cartoons. London: Grub Street. Carmichael J. 1992. The Satanising of the Jews. New York: From. Clark T., Gerstle A.C., Ishigami A. & Yano A. (eds) 2013. Shunga, Sex and Pleasure in Japanese Art. London: British Museum. Chang I. 1998. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. London: Penguin. Curtis RL. 1971. Apes and Angels, the Irishman in Victorian Caricature. Newton Abbott U.K.: David and Charles. Curtis L. 1985. Nothing but the Same Old Story. London: Information on Ireland. Darracott J. & Loftus B. 1972a. First World War Posters. London: Imperial War Museum. Darracott J. & Loftus B. 1972b. Second World War Posters. London: Imperial War Museum. Davies C. 2001. Humour is not a Strategy in War. Journal of European Studies, vol. 31, pp. 395-412. Davies C. 2011. Jokes and Targets. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Davies N. 1981. God’ Playground. A History of Poland, vol. V1. Oxford: Clarendon. Demski D. & Baraniecka-Olszewska K. (eds) 2010. Images of the Other in Ethnic Caricatures of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw: LAE PAN.
