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DIMITRY VLADIMIROVICH KOCHENOV independence and self-governance of the judicial councils.** On this reading, the EC) is moving the meaning of judicial independence even further, helping the ECt.HR, which has already done significant work in this direction, as Joost Sillen has recently demonstrated.” The two standards — of ‘internal independence’ and ‘established by law’ in fact obviously and necessarily converge, since a court lacking internal independence does not meet the basic Article 6(1) ECHR requirement of impartiality and is thus not established by law.*? The question about how the international and supranational courts meet this standard remains open. BIBLIOGRAPHY BUTLER, Graham — KOCHENOv Dimitry, Independence and Lawful Composition of the Court of Justice of the European Union, Jean Monnet Paper (2020), https://jeanmonnetprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/JMW P-02-DimitryKochenov-Graham-Butler.pdf. CLOSA, Carlos — KOCHENOV, Dimitry — WEILER, Joseph H.H., Reinforcing the Rule of Law Oversight in the European Union, EUI RSCAS Research Paper (2014). Cosa, Carlos, Reinforcing of EU Monitoring of the Rule of Law’, in Carlos Closa — Dimitry Kochenov (eds.), Reinforcing Rule of Law Oversight in the European Union, Cambridge, CUP, 2016, 15-35. JANSE, Ronald, De renaissance van de Rechtsstaat, Heerlen, Open Universiteit, 2018. KAKkOURIS, Constantinos N. La Cour de Justice des Communautés européennes comme cour constitutionnelle: trois observations, in Ole Due — Marcus Lutter — Jiirgen Schwarze (eds.), Festschrift fiir Ulrich Everling, Baden Baden, Nomos, 1995, 629-640. KAKOURIS, Constantinos N. La Mission de la Cour de Justice des Communautés Européennes et l’ethos du Juge, Revue des affaires européennes 4 (1994), 35-41. KELEMEN, R. Daniel, Europe’s Other Democratic Deficit: National Authoritarianism in Europe’s Democratic Union, Government and Opposition 52 (2017), 211-238. KocHEnov, Dimitry, Declaratory Rule of Law: Self-Constitution through Unenforceable Promises, in Jiri Pribän (ed.), The Self-Constitution of European Society beyond EU Politics, Law and Governance, Abingdon, Routledge, 2016, 159-179. KocHENov, Dimitry, The EU and the Rule of Law —Naiveté or a Grand Design’, in Maurice Adams — Anne Meuwese - Ernst Hirsch Ballin (eds.), Constitutionalism 31 E.g. ECt.HR Oleksandr Volkov v. Ukraine Application No. 21722/11, 9 January 2013. ” Sillen, The Concept of “Internal Judicial Independence”. 33. Sillen, The Concept of “Internal Judicial Independence”, 109. + 394 «
