Oldal 12 [12]
OCR
Part I. Interdisciplinary Approach to Storytelling | 11 but also determine it (Moscovici, 1988; cf. Läszlö, 1999). The number of representations is infinite since there are as many variations as there are individuals. In addition, a narrative representation can be expressed in different frameworks, including mimetic, iconic or linguistic systems. Narrative representantion in itself is a sense-making process using gestures and language which is organized by intentionality, (i.e. the system of intentions, goals and means of actions). In a narrative, the thoughts, emotions and perspectives of the actors also appear (Bruner, 1996). Stories help to facilitate the simple flow of information in the development of interpersonal interactions, as narrative schematization makes the actor’s state, goals, plans and motive system interpretable (Laszld, 1998; Pléh, 2012). A narrative is universally accessible and comprehensible to humans even if not all elements of the action appear in it. Automatically used patterns and scripts contribute to the understanding of explicit, unexplained details. Schemas help to organize experience and understand human behavior. Bartlett (1932) examined the accuracy with which people recall the narratives they hear, and observed that people left out some episodes and added others while recalling the narratives; verbatim recall rarely occurred. One of the conclusions of the research was that the retold events were built on a kind of skeleton, called a schema (Pléh, 2019). At the same time, the findings also provided evidence that the mind is constructively involved in storing memories, and that it relies on prior knowledge of the topic to make memory storage as efficient as possible. Bartlett’s constructivist approach is also reflected in dynamic memory theory, according to which events are organized in a logical order using typical story patterns or scripts. A script is a set of simple, everyday actions in which the sequence of steps is constant, and a script is therefore nothing more than an architecture of events in a stereotypical situation. Most scripts refer to simple situations in which people perform an action (such as ordering in a restaurant, going shopping, visiting a hospital, etc.) and are episodic scenarios. Instrumental scripts contain procedural actions without individual interactions (e.g., driving a car). Personal scripts involve patterns of action involving the building of interpersonal relationships (e.g., courtship or flattery) or individual rituals (e.g., superstitions or prayer) (Schank & Abelson, 1977; cf. Läszlö, 1999). The knowledge elements associated with a particular situation develop as a result of repeated experiences, but general information or the experiences of others may also contribute to the information of a script. The script is an active memory organizer which arranges experiences into clusters of similar types of situations, contributing to the understanding and interpretation of actions. During learning, the sequence of events is mastered and the consequences and possible effects of actions become clearer and clearer. By applying the rules of a script, individuals can also make predictions about the possible outcomes of events. Humans automatically apply the scripts learned throughout their lives to achieve various goals. The more scripts
