Oldal 76 [76]
OCR
NATIONALISM AND NATION-BUILDING IN SPAIN (1875—1939) From all we have said up to this point we can draw certain conclusions. Spain was not isolated, but instead was influenced by a variety of international trends, and above all European models, in its national identity construction during the 19" century, in the intensification of these processes at the beginning of the 20‘ century and in the many conflicts that developed in the interwar period. It is, then, not an exceptional case in the European context but one more among a very varied body of national examples. By the 1930s, the majority of the Spanish population were ‘nationalized’ in terms of identification with the nation, although internal divisions, as demonstrated by the range of potential alternative national symbols, were profound: between Spanish nationalists of different tendencies (such as civic republican liberalism and Catholic nationalism), and between state nationalists and substate nationalists, especially in Catalonia and the Basque Country. To quote the subsequent words of Juan J. Linz, one could say that Spain was “a state for all Spaniards, a nation-state for a large part of the population, and only a state but not a nation for important minorities”.'? The Spanish case demonstrates that in studying processes of national identity construction one has to take into account, alongside the actions of the state, the actions of civil society. Equally, too, it shows us the way in which nationalization can follow an oscillating path, and sometimes turn back on itself, and the way that nationalization does not necessarily mean homogeneity, but can signify something more complex, within which different national and regional identities co-exist. REFERENCES ALVAREZ-JUNCO, José: Spanish Identity in the Age of Nations, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2011. Ho.euin, Sandie: Creating Spaniards: Culture and National Identity in Republican Spain, Madison, Wisconsin University Press, 2002. JuLiA, Santos: “Anomalia, dolor y fracaso de Espafia”, Claves de Razôn Practica, Vol. 66, 1996, 10-21. Linz, Juan J.: “Early State-Building and Late Peripheral Nationalisms against the State: the Case of Spain”, in S. N. Eisenstadt — Stein Rokkan (eds.): Building States and Nations. Analyses by Region, Beverly, Sage, 1973, 31116. MoLiNA, Fernando — VILLAVERDE, Miguel Cabo: “An Inconvenient Nation: Nation-Building and National Identity in Modern Spain. The Historio2 Juan J. Linz: Early State-Building and Late Peripheral Nationalisms against the State: the Case of Spain, in S.N. Eisenstadt — Stein Rokkan (eds.): Building States and Nations. Analyses by Region, Beverly, Sage, 1973, 31-116, quoted from 99. .75 +
