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Ina philosophical sense, there is no other without a same, and the same can have no content without the other. I cannot make a judgment about an other without simultaneously making a judgment about myself. Nolens volens. This is true whether I want it or not, whether I am conscious of it or not. Judgment — like anger — passes judgment the other and the same. This is reminiscent what Seneca writes in De Ira, that anger comes with a judgment on the one who is angry, not just on the person one is angry at. In his wise words: “non expedit omnia videre, omnia audire”. It means: “it is better not to see or to hear everything: many causes of offence may pass by us, most of which are disregarded by the man who ignores them. Would you not be irascible? then be not inquisitive.” (Seneca 1900, I11.11.1.) Let us vow to do this. Let us try to follow this principle. It is worthwhile, even if it is difficult. (Besides, I believe that in our crazy world a stoical mindset is the only one that makes the world around us bearable.) At the same time, we do not mean judgment in the ethical sense. For now. The above are conveyed by the fundamental laws of classical, traditional logic: 1. The law of identity 2. The law of contradiction 3. The law of the excluded third 4. The law of sufficient reason According to the law of identity, everything must be identical to itself, which is to say that a thought about a thing must be
